On structure and commutativity of certain periodic near rings (Q1311021): Difference between revisions

Let \(R\) denote a left near-ring; let \(N\) be its set of nilpotent elements; let \(P\) be its set of potent elements -- i.e. the set of \(x \in R\) for which there exists an integer \(n = n(x) > 1\) such that \(x^ n = x\). If \(A\) and \(B\) are subnear-rings of \(R\) such that \(AB = BA = \{0\}\) and each element of \(R\) is uniquely representable in the form \(a + b\) with \(a \in A\) and \(b\in B\), then call \(R\) an orthogonal sum of \(A\) and \(B\). We say that \(R\) satisfies condition \((*)\) (resp. condition \((*)'\)) if for each \(x,y \in R\), there exist integers \(m = m(x,y) \geq 1\), \(n = n(x,y) \geq 1\), and \(p = p(x,y) > 1\) such that \(xy = x^ m y^ p x^ n\) (resp. \(xy = y^ m x^ p y^ n)\). The author establishes that if \(R\) is zero-symmetric with all its idempotents multiplicatively central, and if \(R\) satisfies \((*)\) or \((*)'\), then \(N\) is a subnear-ring with trivial multiplication, \(P\) is a subnear-ring with \((P,+)\) abelian, and \(R\) is an orthogonal sum of \(N\) and \(P\). There are also several theorems asserting that certain \(D\)-near- rings satisfying \((*)\) or \((*)'\) must be commutative near-rings or even commutative rings.