Existence of invariant tori in three-dimensional measure-preserving mappings (Q918233): Difference between revisions

It is well known that KAM theory successfully proved the persistence of an invariant torus under nonlinear perturbations if the frequencies satisfy the so-called nonresonant condition. To cope with the difficulty that the resonant sheets are dense in the space, Kolmogorov studied trajectories of the systems with a fixed set of frequencies \(\omega =const\). which is feasible because the number of the fast variables or angles is equal to that of the slow variables or actions. As we will see later in this paper, if they are not equal, it would be impossible to predict which set the frequencies would be even if the torus can survive the perturbations. In this case, we cannot compensate the change of frequencies, due to the average part of the perturbations, by correcting the initial conditions in every approximation. This shows the intrinsic difference between the systems in which the number of angles and actions are equal with the systems in which there are more angles than actions. In the KAM case, Arnold diffusion is possible if the degrees of freedom are more than two since n-dimensional tori can not separate the layers of different resonances from each other in 2n-dimensional space. This situation changes if there are (n-1)- dimensional tori in an n-dimensional space, which requires that the systems have only one action. The first nontrivial example of these systems is the case of three-dimensional measure-preserving mappings. In fact, strong evidence for the existence of 2-dimensional invariant tori has been found in many papers. In this paper, by using the normal form which we obtained in another paper, we prove the existence of tori theoretically.