Exponents of Diophantine approximation in dimension 2 for numbers of Sturmian type (Q2305673): Difference between revisions

Let \(\xi\) be a real number which either is transcendental or else is algebraic of degree \(\ge 3\). There are four associated exponents of simultaneous approximation: two of them deal with estimating linear forms \(|x_0+x_1\xi+x_2\xi^2|\), two of them with estimating \(\max\{|x_0\xi-x_1|, |x_0\xi^2-x_2|\}\); in both cases, there is an asymptotic exponent (\(\omega_2(\xi)\) and \(\lambda_2(\xi)\) respectively) and a uniform exponent (\(\hat\omega_2(\xi)\) and \(\hat\lambda_2(\xi)\) respectively). The sets of values (spectra) of each of the two asymptotic exponents are known: for \(\omega_2(\xi)\) it is the interval \([2,+\infty]\), for \(\lambda_2(\xi)\) it is the interval \([\frac 12,+\infty]\) [\textit{V. Beresnevich} et al., Ann. Math. (2) 166, No. 2, 367--426 (2007; Zbl 1137.11048); \textit{R. C. Vaughan} and \textit{S. Velani}, Invent. Math. 166, No. 1, 103--124 (2006; Zbl 1185.11047); \textit{V. I. Bernik}, Acta Arith. 42, 219--253 (1983; Zbl 0482.10049)]. On the other hand, it is still an open problem to describe the spectra of each of the two uniform exponents \(\hat\omega_2(\xi)\) and \(\hat\lambda_2(\xi)\): the paper under review is a contribution to this problem. Let \(\gamma=(1+\sqrt 5 )/2\) be the Golden ratio. It is known that \(2\le \hat\omega_2(\xi)\le \gamma^2\) and \(\frac 12 \le \hat\lambda_2(\xi)\le \frac 1 \gamma\). The lower bounds, which follow from Dirichlet's box principle, are attained for almost all numbers and also for all algebraic numbers of degree \(\ge 3\) (and for these numbers the asymptotic exponents coincide with the uniform exponents). The upper bounds are reached by the so-called extremal numbers introduced by \textit{D. Roy} [C. R., Math., Acad. Sci. Paris 336, No. 1, 1--6 (2003; Zbl 1038.11042)], who also constructed the so-called numbers of Fibonacci type in [\textit{D. Roy}, Can. J. Math. 59, No. 1, 211--224 (2007; Zbl 1115.11036)] showing that each of the two spectra is dense in the corresponding interval. Bugeaud and Laurent computed the four exponents for numbers with partial quotients given by Sturmian characteristic words [\textit{D. Roy}, Can. J. Math. 59, No. 1, 211--224 (2007; Zbl 1115.11036)]. \par In the present paper, the author constructs numbers of Sturmian type which generalize both the Fibonacci type numbers of Roy and the numbers constructed by Bugeaud and Laurent. For such numbers, he computes the four exponents, he proves density results on the spectra and he provides an almost complete description of the combined graph of parametric successive minima defined by \textit{W. M. Schmidt} and \textit{L. Summerer} [Acta Arith. 140, No. 1, 67--91 (2009; Zbl 1236.11060); Monatsh. Math. 169, No. 1, 51--104 (2013; Zbl 1264.11056)].