Topological properties of operations on spaces of differentiable functions (Q1790596): Difference between revisions

A map \(f:M\to N\) between metric spaces is called locally open at a point \(x_{0}\) if \(f(x_{0})\) is an interior point of \(f(U)\) for every neighbourhood \(U\) of \(x_{0}\). If this is true for all \(x_{0}\), one says that \(f\) is locally open. Motivated by the surprising fact that \((g,h)\mapsto gh\) (from \(C[{0},{1}]\times C[{0},{1}]\) to \(C[{0},{1}]\)) is not locally open at certain \((g,h)\), there have appeared a number of papers in the last few years where local openness was investigated for the special case of bilinear maps on function spaces or sequence spaces. The present paper starts in Section~2 with a rather elementary characterization: where is \((\lambda,x)\mapsto \lambda x\) from \(K\times X\) to \(X\) locally open (with \(K=\) the scalar field and \(X\) is a topological vector space)? Also, the obvious fact that the summation map \((x,y)\mapsto x+y\) is locally open on topological vector spaces is proved. In Section~3, an unusual seminorm on \(C^{(n)}[{0},{1}]\) (the space of \(n\) times continuously differentiable functions on the unit interval) is defined. One chooses a nonvoid connected and compact subset \(D\) of \([{0},{1}]^{n+1}\), puts \(I_{i}=\) the projection of \(D\) to the \(i\)'th coordinate (\(i=0,\dots,n\)) and defines \[ \|f\|_{D}:=\max_{i=0,\dots,n}\|f|_{I_{i}}\|_{\infty}. \] It is shown that this is a norm iff \(\bigcup_{i}I_{i}=[{0},{1}]\) and that it makes \(C^{(n)}[{0},{1}]\) a quasi-normed algebra; i.e., \(\|fg\|_{D}\leq C\|f\|_D\,\|g\|_D\) for all \(f,g\) and a suitable constant~\(C\). Theorem 3.11 states that multiplication on \(C^{(n)}[{0},{1}]\) is close to be locally open (``weakly open''), provided that \(I_{0}\supset I_{1}\supset\cdots\supset I_{n}\). The proof is an adaption of methods due to \textit{M. Balcerzak} and \textit{A. Maliszewski} [Colloq. Math. 122, No.~2, 247--253 (2011; Zbl 1223.46052)] and \textit{A. Wachowicz} [Real Anal. Exch. 34, No. 2, 445--450 (2009; Zbl 1184.46051)]. In Section~4, the investigations concerning multiplication on \(C^{(n)}[{0},{1}]\) with the above norm are continued. The reviewer has characterized, by a topological property, those pairs \((f,g)\) with \(f,g\in C[{0},{1}]\) where multiplication is locally open. One part of the proof (if multiplication is locally open, then the topological property holds) uses the implicit function theorem. This argument is adapted here for the space \(C^{(n)}[{0},{1}]\) (under the assumption \(I_{0}=[{0},{1}]\)).