Oscillations in Banach spaces and positive operators (Q1265070): Difference between revisions

The main aim of this paper is to define the concept of oscillation for a semidynamical system \(f : E \to E\) in a Banach space \(E\) near a fixed point \(a,\) and to characterize oscillation in terms of the linearization of the system at \(a.\) This is a sketch of the definition for a discrete system. A cone \({\mathcal C}\) in a Banach space \(E\) is \textit{normal} if \[ n({\mathcal C}) = \sup\{t > 0; \;t\| x\| \leq \| x + y\| ; \;x, y \in {\mathcal C}\} > 0. \] Intuitively, \(n({\mathcal C}) = 1\) for ``thin'' cones, such as cones with aperture \(\leq \pi/2\) in the plane, while \(n({\mathcal C}) \approx 0\) for ``fat'' cones; for a half-space, \(n({\mathcal C}) = 0\). Let \(f : E \to E\) be a discrete semidynamical system. Given \(Y \subseteq E\) define \[ \text{Inv}(f, Y, N) = \{x \in E: f^n(x) \in Y; 0 \leq n \leq N\}. \] The system oscillates near \(a\) if for every \(\varepsilon > 0\) there exists \(N\) and \(\delta > 0\) such that, for any normal cone \({\mathcal C}\) \[ t({\mathcal C}) \geq \varepsilon \Longrightarrow \text{Inv}(f, a + {\mathcal C}, N) \cap B(a, \delta) = \{a\}, \] where \(B(a, \delta)\) is the ball of center \(a\) and radius \(\delta.\) This idea formalizes (with suitable uniformity) the statement: ``for every normal cone \({\mathcal C}\), every point of \(a + {\mathcal C}\) sufficiently close (but not equal) to \(a\) leaves \(a + {\mathcal C}\) eventually''. The main result of this paper is: under suitable assumptions, the system will oscillate near \(a\) if and only if \(Df(a)\) does not have real positive eigenvalues. There are corresponding definitions and statements for continuous semidynamical systems.