Local analytic classification for quasi-linear implicit differential systems at transversal singular points (Q2155913): Difference between revisions

This paper is a part of ongoing investigation of systems of implicit quasilinear differential equations \[ A(x) \dot x = v(x), \ \ x \in \mathbb{R}^n, \tag{1} \] where \(A\) is a \(n\times n\) matrix with real analytic coefficients and \(v\) is a real analytic vector function. The dot means the derivative with respect to a real independent variable \(t\), which is called time. Generically, the matrix \(A(x)\) degenerates on a certain hypersurface \(\Gamma\), whose points are called singular (or impasse) points of system (1). The local classification for such systems at their singular points was studied by many authors in various categories and under various assumptions. For instance, the paper by \textit{J. Sotomayor}, \textit{M. Zhitomirskii} [J. Differ. Equations 169, No. 2, 567--587 (2001; Zbl 0982.34028)] presents the orbital smooth local classification of systems (1); the word \textit{orbital} means that we can change not only the phase variable \(x\), but the time \(t\) as well. In contrast to this, the paper under review deals with analytic changes of the variable \(x\) only. A singular point \(x_0 \in \Gamma\) is called transversal, if the vector \(v(x_0)\) is transversal to \(\mathrm{Im}\,A(x_0)\) and \(\nabla \det A(x_0) \neq 0\). The paper deals with the germs of (1) at transversal singular points only. Two such germs are called equivalent if there exist an analytic local diffeomorphism that transforms all solutions of a representative of the first germ into solutions of a representative of the second germ. Under the above definitions, the local classification of systems (1) is obtained. For example, the simplest normal form is \[ \pm x_1 \dot x_1 = 1, \ \ \dot x_2 = 0, \, \ldots, \, \dot x_n = 0. \] Further normal forms have functional invariants.