Upper estimates for the number of periodic solutions to multi-dimensional systems (Q1733229): Difference between revisions

Consider the non-autonomous system \[ \frac{dx}{dt}=\varepsilon f(t,x,\varepsilon)\tag{\(*\)} \] under the hypothesis \begin{itemize} \item[(H)] \(\varepsilon\in (-\varepsilon_0,\varepsilon_0)\) is a small parameter, \(f:\mathbb{R} \times D\times(-\varepsilon_0,\varepsilon_0)\to\mathbb{R}\) is analytic and \(2\pi\)-periodic in the first variable. \end{itemize} If \(x_0\) is a simple zero of the function \[ f_1(x):=\int^{2\pi}_0f(t,x,0)dt, \] then, according to the averaging theory, system (\(*\)) has for sufficiently small \(\varepsilon\) a unique \(2\pi\)-periodic solution near \(x_0\). The paper is devoted to the problem: What can be said about the maximum number of \(2\pi\)-periodic solutions of (\(*\)) near \(x_0\), if \(x_0\) is a multiple zero of \(f_1\) and \(n\ge 2\)? The authors study this problem by means of a multi-dimensional variant of Rouché's theorem. Their final result reads Theorem: Suppose hypothesis (H) is valid. If \(f_1\) has at most \(k\) zeros in \(D\) counted according to their multiplicities, then, for any compact subset \(V\) of \(D\), there exists a constant \(\overline\varepsilon_0\), \(0< \overline\varepsilon_0\le\varepsilon_0\), such that for all \(\varepsilon\) with \(0<\varepsilon<\overline\varepsilon_0\), system (\(*\)) has at most \(k\) \(2\pi\)-periodic solutions in \(V\). The result is applied to a three-dimensional autonomous system.