A forcing relation of braids from Nielsen fixed point theory (Q2273761): Difference between revisions

There is a relation between the fixed points of homeomorphisms of the disc and braids, in particular with a notion of forcing relation of braids. Amongst others, this relation was largely explored in the work by \textit{J. Guaschi} [Topology Appl. 117, No. 2, 199--230 (2002; Zbl 1001.54027)]. As application examples are given where the theory of braids was used to explore properties of the fixed points of the certain homeomorphisms. The present work extends ideas from Guaschi's work into the fixed points of all interactions of a given homeomorphism \(f\). A map \(\Theta_m\) is constructed which associates to each fixed point class of the iterated \(f^m\) of a map \(f\) a class of braid on \(n+1\)-strands, denoted the braid coordinate. Observe that the target is independent of the homeomorphism \(f\). Also using the fundamental group of the mapping torus one can define another coordinate for the fixed points of iterated maps of \(f\). In Theorem 3.2 a formula is given for the coordinate braid and in Proposition 3.3 the two notions of the coordinates are compared. Then a notion of forcing braid is given, namely: Definition 3.4. A braid \(\gamma\in B_n^{n+1}\) is said to be \((m,U)\)-forced by \(\beta\in B_n\) if, for any isotopy \(\{h_f\}_{t\in I}:D^2\to D^2\) from the identity to a homeomorphism \(f:(D^2, Q)\to (D^2, Q)\), determine an \(n\)-strand braid \(\beta\), there is a fixed point \(y\) of \(f^m|_{D^2\backslash Q}\) such that \(\Theta_m(y)=\gamma\in B_{n+1}^n/\sim_U.\) One of the main results is: Theorem 4.2: The set of braids which are \((m,U)\)-forced by \(\beta\) is \[\{\iota_1(\beta^m)\phi(\gamma) \mid \gamma \text{ is the coordinate of an essential}\] \[\text{ non-degenerated class of } f^m \text{ on } D^2\backslash Q\}.\] At the end an example is given to illustrate the results. In this case the authors use results of Nielsen fixed point theory to obtain information on \((m,U)\)-forced braids.