Multiple little \(q\)-Jacobi polynomials (Q1772354): Difference between revisions

It is well known [see, for instance, \textit{G. Gasper} and \textit{M. Rahman}, Basic Hypergeometric Series (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Vol. 35, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) (1990; Zbl 0695.33001)] that the monic \(q\)-Jacobi polynomials \(p_n(x;\alpha,\beta | q)\) , \(n\geq 0\), are orthogonal on the exponential lattice \(\{q^k,\;k=0,1,\ldots\}\) where \(0<q<1\) since \[ \int_{0}^{1}p_n(x;\alpha,\beta | q)x^k\omega(x;\alpha,\beta | q)d_qx=0,\quad k=0,1,\ldots, n-1, \] where \[ \int_{0}^{1}f(x)d_qx=(1-q)\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}q^kf(q^k), \] \(f\) being a function on \(\;[0,1],\) and continuous at \(0\), \[ \omega(x;\alpha,\beta | q)={(qx;q)_\infty\over (q^{\beta+1}x;q)_\infty }x^\alpha, \] \((a;q)_\infty=\prod_{k=0}^{\infty}(1-aq^k)\), \(\alpha,\beta>-1\). It's well known also [see, for instance, \textit{A. I. Aptekarev}, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 99, 423--447 (1998; Zbl 0958.42015)] that multiple orthogonal polynomials (of type II) are polynomials satisfying orthogonality conditions with respect to \(r\geq 1\) positive measures. Let \(\mu_1,\mu_2,\ldots,\mu_r\) be \(r\) positive measures on the real line and let \(\vec{n}=(n_1,\ldots,n_r)\in N^r\) be a multi-index of length \(| \vec{n}| =n_1+n_2+\cdots +n_r\). The corresponding type II multiple orthogonal polynomials \(p_{\vec{n}}\) is a polynomial of degree \(\leq | \vec{n}| \) satisfying the orthogonality relations \[ \int p_{\vec{n}}(x)x^kd\mu_j(x)=0,\quad k=0,1\ldots,n_j-1,\quad j=1,2,\ldots, r. \] In particular, if the measures \(\mu_1,\ldots,\mu_r\) are supported on the exponential lattice \(\{q^k\), \(k=0,1,\ldots\}\) and are all of the form \(d\mu_i(x)=\omega(x;\alpha_i,\beta_i | q)d_qx\), where \(\omega(x;\alpha,\beta | q)d_qx\) is the orthogonality measure for little \(q\)-Jacobi polynomials, the corresponding polynomials are called multiple little \(q\)-Jacobi polynomials. In this paper, the authors consider two kinds of multiple little \(q\)-Jacobi polynomials. The first one \(p_{\vec{n}}(x;\vec{\alpha},\beta | q)\) are monic polynomials of degree \(| \vec{n}| \) satisfying the orthogonality relations \[ \int_{0}^{1}p_{\vec{n}}(x;\vec{\alpha},\beta | q)x^k\omega(x;\alpha_j,\beta | q)d_qx=0, \quad k=0,1,\ldots, n_j-1,\quad j=1,2,\ldots, r, \] where \(\alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_r,\beta>-1\). The second one \(p_{\vec{n}}(x;\alpha,\vec{\beta} | q)\) are monic polynomials of degree \(| \vec{n}| \) satisfying the orthogonality relations \[ \int_{0}^{1}p_{\vec{n}}(x;\alpha,\vec{\beta} | q)x^k\omega(x;\alpha,\beta_j | q)d_qx=0, \quad k=0,1,\ldots, n_j-1,\quad j=1,2,\ldots, r, \] where \(\alpha,\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_r>-1\). They show that these multiple little \(q\)-Jacobi polynomials have useful \(q\)-difference properties, such as a Rodrigues formula (consisting of a product of \(r\) difference operators). Some properties of the zeros of these polynomials and some asymptotic properties are also given.