Smale horseshoe maps by 5-adic fractions (Q1367231): Difference between revisions

\textit{S. Smale} [see Zbl 0142.41103 and Zbl 0202.55202] established a famous horseshoe model which shows that there exists a phenomenon of chaos in some self-homeomorphisms of discs on the plane, although these homeomorphisms are not very complex. A main conclusion on the Smale horseshoe is as follows. Theorem A. There exists a diffeomorphism \(f\) of the disc \(B^2\) onto itself and an invariant closed subset \(X\) of \(f\) such that \(f| X\) is topologically conjugate to the shift map \(\sigma: \Sigma(2) \to\Sigma (2)\). The current method of proving Theorem A is using a geometric pattern in the shape of a checker, and denoting the shift invariant set \(X\) of \(f\) by an intersection set of infinitely many collections (every collection contains infinitely many elements) of gradually narrowing vertical strips and horizontal strips. This proof method is more perceivable, but seems somewhat complex. It gives a qualitative description of \(X\) and of the homeomorphism (the topological conjugacy) \(H\) from the invariant set \(X\) to \(\Sigma (2)\), but it has not provided a precise and simple expression of them. For these reasons we give a simple proof of Theorem A by means of 5-adic decimals, and clear formulas of the point set \(X\) and the homeomorphism \(H\).