Inequivalent surface-knots with the same knot quandle (Q2381630): Difference between revisions

Let \(K\) be a knot in the three-sphere. Then one can define two invariants \(Q(K)\) and \([K]\) by using quandle theory. The knot quandle \(Q(K)\) is defined as the quandle whose elements correspond to arcs of a knot diagram and whose quandle operation is associated with crossings. The fundamental class \([K]\) is the homology class of the \(2\)-chain \(\sum_{c}\varepsilon_{c}(a_{c},b_{c})\) in the second quandle homology group, where \(c\) runs over all the crossings, \(\varepsilon_{c}\) is the sign of the crossing \(c\), \(a_{c}\) is the arc that goes into \(c\) (comes out from \(c\) if \(\varepsilon_{c}=-1\)), and \(b_{c}\) is the arc over \(c\). Then \textit{D. Joyce} [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 23, 37--65 (1982; Zbl 0474.57003)] and \textit{S. V. Matveev} [Math. USSR, Sb. 47, 73--83 (1984); translation from Mat. Sb., Nov. Ser. 119(161), No.~1, 78--88 (1982; Zbl 0523.57006)] showed that the knot quandle is a complete invariant for knots up to orientation. \textit{M. Eisermann} [J. Pure Appl. Algebra 177, No.~2, 131--157 (2003; Zbl 1013.57002)] showed that together with the fundamental class the knot quandle is indeed a complete invariant. (Note that Eisermann calls \([K]\) the orientation class.) For a knotted surface in the four-sphere, one can similarly define the knot quandle and the fundamental class. The main purpose of this paper is to study how strong these invariants are. By giving concrete examples the author proves (1) for any given non-negative integer \(g\) there exist arbitrarily many knotted surfaces of genus \(g\) such that for any two of them there exists a quandle isomorphism from one to the other but that there does not exist a quandle isomorphism taking the fundamental class of one to (plus or minus of) that of the other, and (2) for any given non-negative integer \(g\) there exits arbitrarily many pairs of knotted surfaces of genus \(g\) such that for each pair there exists a quandle isomorphism sending the fundamental class of one to that of the other but that one is not equivalent to the other nor to the orientation reversal of its mirror image.