Lagrangian product tori in symplectic manifolds (Q329430): Difference between revisions

Let \((M,\omega)\) be a connected symplectic manifold. Denote \(B^{2n}(b)\subset \mathbb{R}^{2n}\) the closed ball of radius \(\sqrt{b/\pi}\) centered at the origin. Let \(\mathbf{a}=(a_{1},a_{2},\dots,a_{n})\) be a vector with positive components. For each \(a_{i}\), let \(T(a_{i})=\partial B^{2}(a_{i})\). A product torus in \(\mathbb{R}^{2n}\) is defined as the \(n\)-torus \(T(\mathbf{a})=T(a_{1})\times\dots\times T( a_{n})\) lying on the boundary of the ball \(B^{2n}(\mid \mathbf{a}\mid)\), where \(\mid\mathbf{a}\mid=\sum_{i}a_{i}\). Given a symplectic chart \(\phi:B^{2n}(b)\rightarrow (M,\omega)\) (embedding) and a torus \(T(\mathbf{a})\subset B^{2n}(b)\), let \(T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a})=\phi(T(\mathbf{a}))\). A Lagrangian torus in \((M,\omega)\) is a product torus if it is of the form \(T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a})\) for some symplectic chart \(\phi\). The authors study the classification problem for the product Lagrangian tori with respect to the action of the group \(\mathrm{Symp}(M,\omega)\) of symplectomorphisms as well as the group \(\mathrm{Ham}(M,\omega)\) of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms. Lagrangian tori are important as invariant sets of integrable systems and their perturbations. Given Lagrangian submanifolds \(L,L'\subset (M,\omega)\), they are called equivalent \(L\sim L'\) (resp. \(L\approx L'\)) if there is a symplectomorphism (resp. a Hamiltonian symplectomorphism) of \((M,\omega)\) that maps \(L\) to \(L'\). Given a vector \(\mathbf{a}=(a_{1},\dots,a_{n})\) with positive components, denote \[ \underline{\mathbf{a}}=\min_{1\leq i\leq n}(a_{i}),\quad m(\mathbf{a})=\#\{i\mid a_{i}=\underline{\mathbf{a}}\},\quad \mid\mathbf{a}\mid=\sum_{i=1}^{n}{a_{i}},\quad \|\mathbf{a}\|=\mid\mathbf{a}\mid+\underline{\mathbf{a}}. \] The authors write \(\mathbf{a}\simeq \mathbf{a}'\) when the following three conditions holds: (i) \(\underline{\mathbf{a}}=\underline{\mathbf{a}'}\), (ii) \(m(\mathbf{a})=m(\mathbf{a}')\) and (iii) \(\Gamma(\mathbf{a})=\Gamma(\mathbf{a}')\), where \(\Gamma(\mathbf{a})\) denotes the subgroup of \(\mathbb{R}\) formed by all integer combinations of the numbers \(a_{1}-\underline{\mathbf{a}}\),\dots, \(a_{n}-\underline{\mathbf{a}}\). In [the first author, Math. Z. 223, No. 4, 547--559 (1996; Zbl 0877.58024)], that the equivalence for the product tori in \(\mathbb{R}^{2n}\) of the conditions (1) \(T(\mathbf{a})\sim T(\mathbf{a}')\), (2) \(T(\mathbf{a})\approx T(\mathbf{a}')\) and (3) \(\mathbf{a}\simeq \mathbf{a}'\) was proved. Theorem 1.1. Consider \(T(\mathbf{a}),T(\mathbf{a}')\subset \mathbb{R}^{2n}\). (i) If \(\mathbf{a}\) and \(\mathbf{a}'\) are related by a permutation of the components, then the tori \(T(\mathbf{a})\) and \(T(\mathbf{a}')\) are Hamiltonian isotopic in the ball \(B^{2n}(\mid\mathbf{a}\mid)\). (ii) If \(\mathbf{a}\simeq \mathbf{a}'\), then the tori \(T(\mathbf{a})\) and \(T(\mathbf{a}')\) are Hamiltonian isotopic in the ball \(B^{2n}\bigl(\max(\|\mathbf{a}\|,\|\mathbf{a}'\|)\bigr)\). It is conjectured that Theorem 1.1 gives a sharp bound for the ball size, as the next theorem claims under an additional hypothesis. Theorem 1.2. In Theorem 1.1 assume \(b< \max(\|\mathbf{a}\|,\|\mathbf{a}'\|)\) and \(\mid \mathbf{a}\mid \neq \mid\mathbf{a}'\mid\), so the tori \(T(\mathbf{a})\) and \(T(\mathbf{a}')\) are not Hamiltonian isotopic in the ball \(B^{2n}(b)\). Extra hypotheses are required on the symplectic manifold \((M,\omega)\) to extend the results to more general cases when \(T(\mathbf{a}),T(\mathbf{a}')\subset (M,\omega)\). \((M,\omega)\) is tame if \(M\) admits an almost complex structure \(J\) and a complete Riemannian metric \(g\) satisfying the following conditions: (T1) \(J\) is uniformly tame, i.e., there are positive constants \(C_{1}\) and \(C_{2}\) such that \[ \omega(X,JX)\geq C_{1}\|X\|^{2}_{g}\quad \text{and}\quad \mid \omega(X,Y)\mid\leq C_{2}\|X\|_{g}|\|Y\|_{g},\quad \text{for all }X,Y\text{ on }M. \] (T2) The sectional curvature of \((M,\omega)\) is bounded from above and the injectivity radius of \((M,\omega)\) is bounded away from zero. Examples of tame manifolds are closed manifolds, cotangent bundles over arbitrary manifolds, twisted cotangent bundles over closed manifolds, symplectic manifolds such that the complement of a compact set is symplectomorphic to the convex end of the symplectization of a closed contact manifold. The product of tame symplectic manifolds is tame, also the covering of tame manifolds are tamed. A symplectic manifold is subtame, when it symplectically embeds into a tame symplectic manifold. Symplectic manifolds that are not subtame are considered exotic. \((M,\omega)\) is called symplectically aspherical if \([\omega]\mid_{\pi_{2}(M)}=0\) and \(c_{1}\mid_{\pi_{2}(M)}=0\). Theorem 1.3. Consider \(T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a}), T_{\phi'}(\mathbf{a}')\subset (M,\omega)\) embedded by a symplectic chart \(\phi:B^{2n}(b)\rightarrow (M,\omega)\). Assume that \(T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a})\sim T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a}')\); (i) If \((M,\omega)\) is symplectically aspherical, then \(\Gamma(\mathbf{a})=\Gamma(\mathbf{a}')\). (ii) If \((M,\omega)\) is subtame, \(\|\mathbf{a}\|\leq b_{\phi}\), and \(\|\mathbf{a}'\|\leq b_{\phi'}\), then \(\underline{\mathbf{a}}=\underline{\mathbf{a}}'\) and \(m(\mathbf{a})=m(\mathbf{a}')\). Some examples are worked out in the article to prove that the hypothesis in items (i) and (ii) can not be dropped. A complete classification of product tori is obtained on a subclass of Liouville symplectic manifolds. A symplectic manifold \((M,\omega)\) is Liouville if it admits a vector field \(X\) such that \(\mathcal{L}_{X}\omega=\omega\). \((M,\omega)\) is called forward complete whenever \(X\) can be chosen in such way that its time \(t\) flow map is well defined for each \(t\geq 0\). Theorem 1.4. Let \(T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a})\), \(T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a}')\) be Lagrangian product tori in a subtame forward complete Liouville manifold \((M,\omega)\). Then the conditions \(\mathbf{a}\simeq \mathbf{a}'\), \(T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a})\sim T_{\phi'}(\mathbf{a}')\) and \(T_{\phi}(\mathbf{a})\approx T_{\phi'}(\mathbf{a}')\) are equivalent one to another. The cohomology class \([\omega]\) defines the homomorphism \(\sigma:\pi_{2}(M)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), and the \(1^{st}\) Chern class defines the homomorphism \(c_{1}:\pi_{2}(M)\rightarrow \mathbb{Z}\). Given \(a> 0\), consider the homomorphism \[ \sigma_{a}:\pi_{2}(M)\rightarrow \mathbb{R},\quad \sigma_{a}(S)=\sigma(S)-c_{1}(S)a. \] Consider the group \(G_{a}=G_{a}(M,\omega)=\sigma_{a}(\pi_{2}(M))\subset\mathbb{R}\). \((M,\omega)\) is symplectically aspherical if and only if \(G_{a}\) is trivial for all \(a>0\). The manifold is \((M,\omega)\) is called special if the rank of the group \(\sigma(\pi_{2}(M))\subset \mathbb{R}\) is \(1\) and \(c_{1}\) is not proportional to \(\sigma\). For each \(a>0\) to \(S_{0}\in \pi_{2}(M)\), the authors associate the subgroup \(G_{a}(S_{0})\) of \(G_{a}\). Theorem 1.5. Let \((M,\omega)\) be symplectic manifold. Let \(B^{2n}(b)\rightarrow (M,\omega)\) be a symplectic chart. For every real number \(c>0\) there exists \(A>0\) such that for all \(a\in (0,A]\) the following holds; If \(d_{1},\dots,d_{k}\) and \(e_{1},\dots,e_{k}\) for all \(j\in\{1,\dots,k\}\) satisfy the conditions \(d_{j}\geq c\), \(e_{j}\geq c\), then \[ d_{j}-e_{j}\in\begin{cases} G_{a}(S_{0}),\;\text{if }(M,\omega)\text{ is special}, \\ G_{a}, \text{otherwise}, \end{cases} \] and the tori \(T_{\phi}(a,\dots,a,a+d_{1},\dots,a+d_{k})\), \(T_{\phi}(a,\dots,a,a+e_{1},\dots,a+e_{k})\) are contained in \(B_{\phi}(b)\), then \[ T_{\phi}(a,\dots,a,a+d_{1},\dots,a+d_{k})\approx T_{\phi}(a,\dots,a,a+e_{1},\dots,a+e_{k}). \] In the article, a version of Theorem 1.3 for generalized Clifford tori in \(\mathbb{C}P^{n}\) is also proved.