Local diffeomorphisms in symplectic space and Hamiltonian systems with constraints (Q2416876): Difference between revisions

Fixing Darboux coordinates $(p,q)$ of $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ with the symplectic form $\omega=dp\wedge dq=\sum_{i=1}^n dp_i\wedge dq_i$, the following exact local classification of symplectic forms at the origin of $\mathbb{R}^{2n}$ is obtained. \par Theorem 2.1. Any diffeomorphism $\Phi$ of $(\mathbb{R}^{2n},\omega)$ can be reduced by a symplectomorphism of $\omega$ to the normal form \[ \Phi(p,q)=(p_1,\tilde{Q}_1,p_2,+\tilde{P}_2(p,q), \tilde{Q}_2(p,q), \ldots, p_n+\tilde{P}_n(p,q), \tilde{Q}_n(p,q)), \] where $\partial_{q_i}(0)\not= 0$ and $\{\tilde{Q}_i\in I^\omega_{2i-1}\}^n_{i=1}, \{\tilde{P}_i\in I^\omega_{2i-2}\}^n_{i=2}$. Here $I^\omega_i=\langle q_1\rangle, I^\omega_2=\langle q_1,p_1\rangle, \ldots, I^\omega_{2n-2}=\langle q_1,p_1, \ldots, q_{n-1},p_{n-1}\rangle, I^\omega_{2n-1}=\langle q_1, p_1 \ldots, p_{n-1}, q_n\rangle$. \par The above result leads to the following normal form for symplectic forms: \[ \omega=dp_1\wedge d\tilde{Q}_1+\sum_{i=2}^n d(p_i+\tilde{P}_i)\wedge d\tilde{Q}_i. \] \par As a consequence, the Poincaré polynomials $P_M(t), P_S(t)$ of $M=\mathrm{Diff}(2n)/\mathrm{Symp}(2n)$ and the space of all symplectic structures $\Omega^2_S(2n)$ are given by \[ P_M(t)=t\frac{n(2n-1)}{(1-t)^{2n}}, \quad P_S(t)=\frac{n(2n-1)}{(1-t)^{2n}}. \] \par The author observes that the relation $P_M(i)=tP_S(t)$ is the infinite-dimensional analogue of the relation $\mathrm{dim} ( \mathrm{GL}(2n)/\mathrm{Sp}(2n)) =n(2n-1)$. Using the obtained normal forms the authors obtain exact classification results for the first occurring singularities of Hamiltonian systems with one-sided constraints, a problem posed by \textit{R. B. Melrose} [Invent. Math. 37, 165--191 (1976; Zbl 0354.53033)] in his studies of glancing hypersurfaces.