Hyperidentities for some varieties of commutative semigroups (Q1175932): Difference between revisions

A hyperidentity differs from an ordinary identity in that it involves variables representing functions as well as ordinary variables and a variety \({\mathfrak V}\) satisfies a hyperidentity if, whenever the variables representing functions are replaced by terms of \({\mathfrak V}\) of the correct arity, then the resulting identity holds in \({\mathfrak V}\). For instance, the variety of commutative semigroups satisfies the hyperidentity \(F(G(x,y),G(z,w))=G(F(x,z),F(y,w))\). A hypervariety is a class of varieties closed under the formation of equivalent, product, reduct and subvarieties. \textit{W. Taylor} [Aequationes Math. 23, 30-49 (1981; Zbl 0491.08009)] showed that there is a Birkoff-type theorem for hypervarieties and identities: Theorem. Every set of hyperidentities defines a hypervariety and every hypervariety is definable by a set of hyperidentities. This paper considers the above concepts applied to \(L({\mathfrak CS})\), the lattice of varieties of commutative semigroups. For any variety \({\mathfrak V}\) of semigroups, we can define a hypervariety, \(H({\mathfrak V})\), which is the smallest hypervariety containing \({\mathfrak V}\) and a variety \(\bar{\mathfrak V}\), the closure of \({\mathfrak V}\), which is the largest variety in \(H({\mathfrak V})\). Information about the closure of various varieties is obtained by first constructing hyperidentities which they satisfy. For instance, it is shown that the variety \({\mathfrak A}_ p\) of abelian groups of prime exponent \(p\), satisfies a certain hyperidentity \(K_ p\), where, for example, \(K_ 3\) is \[ F(F(F(x,z_ 2),F(z_ 2,z_ 1)),F(F(z_ 2,z_ 1),F(z_ 1,y)))=F(x,y). \] However, other varieties of commutative semigroups, such as \({\mathfrak A}_ q\), for \(p\neq q\), and \({\mathfrak A}_{1,p}\), defined by the identities \(xy=yx\), \(x=x^{p+1}\), do not satisfy this hyperidentity. Several other hyperidentities which distinguish hypervarieties of commutative semigroups are constructed. A sample result is: Proposition. Let \(p\) be prime; then the closed variety \(\bar{\mathfrak A}_{1,p}\) has precisely 32 subvarieties, of which seven are closed. Thus there are seven corresponding hypervarieties.