Fundamental groups and Diophantine geometry (Q607443): Difference between revisions

In this survey article, the author describes the uses of the étale fundamental group and its variations in the study of Diophantine problems. Let \(X\) be a variety defined over \(\mathbb Q\) and let \(\pi_1^{et}(\overline{X},b)\) be the etale fundamental group of \(X\), where \(\overline{X}=X\times_{\mathrm{Spec}(\mathbb Q)}\mathrm{Spec}(\mathbb{\overline{Q}})\) and \(b\in X(\mathbb{Q})\). He explains how one can define a map \(X(\mathbb{Q})\rightarrow H^1(\Gamma,\pi_1^{et}(\overline{X},b))\), and a similar map to \(H^1(\Gamma,\pi_1^{u,\mathbb{Q}_p}(\overline{X},b))\) associated with the \(\mathbb{Q}_p\)-pro-unipotent completion of the étale fundamental group. Thereafter he states his recent result in [Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 45, No. 1, 89--133 (2009; Zbl 1165.14020)] which gives a sufficient condition for the finiteness of \(X(\mathbb{Z}_S)\), where \(\mathbb{Z}_S\) is the ring of \(S\)-integers, in terms of the size of a subspace of the unipotent fundamental group.