Periodic orbits in 3-dimensional systems and application to a perturbed Volterra system (Q897815): Difference between revisions

Consider the 3-dimensional system \[ \begin{aligned} {dx\over dt} &= p(x,y,z)+\mu f(x,y,z),\\ {dy\over dt} &= q(x,y,z)+\mu g(x,g,z),\\ {dz\over dt} &= -z+ z^2r(x,y,z)+\mu e(x,y,z),\end{aligned}\tag{X\(_\mu\)} \] where \(p\), \(q\), \(r\), \(f\), \(g\), \(e\) are sufficiently smooth, and \(\mu\) is a small parameter, under the following assumptions on \(X_0\) (the unperturbed system): (A) \(X_0\) has an equilibrium at the origin \((0,0,0)\) and has a first integral \(\phi(x,y,z)= h\) near \(z=0\). (B) Let \(\gamma_h:= \{(x,y): \phi(x,g,0)= h\}\). Assume that \(\gamma_h\) for \(h\in(u,b)\) is a family of closed curves surrounding \((0,0)\). (C) The integration surface \(\Lambda_h:= \{(x,y,z): \phi(x,y,z)= h\}\) intersects for \(h\in (a,b)\) along the curve \(\gamma_h\) the \((x,y)\)-plane transversally. The authors derive additional conditions under which periodic orbits of X\(_\mu\) exist bifurcating from the annulus \(\bigcup_{h\in(a,b)}\gamma_h\) and apply this result to the perturbed Lotka-Volterra system \[ \begin{aligned} {du\over dt} &= u(1-u-3v+w)+ \mu(\beta+u^2),\\ {dv\over dt} &= v(1+ u-v-3w)+ \mu(\beta+v^2),\\ {dw\over dt} &= w(1-3u+ v-w)+ \mu(\beta+w^2).\end{aligned} \]