\(L_p\)-estimates for vector fields (Q2387091): Difference between revisions

Let \(\Omega\subset \mathbb R^3\) be an open bounded set with diameter \(d(\Omega)>0\) which is starlike with respect to a point. If \(u\in (L_{p}(\Omega))^3\), \(1 \leq p\leq \infty\), then \(\text{div}\, u\) (resp., \(\overset\longrightarrow {\text{rot}}\, u\)) are well-defined in Laurent Schwartz's space of distributions \(\mathcal D '(\Omega)\) (resp., \((\mathcal D '(\Omega))^3\)) [cf.\ \textit{L.\ Schwartz}, ``Théorie des distributions. Tome I'' (Hermann, Paris) (1950; Zbl 0037.07301)]. The authors define the following spaces: \[ H_p(\text{div}; \Omega)=\{u\in (L_p(\Omega))^3\;| \;\text{div}\, u \in L_p(\Omega)\}, \] \[ H_p( \overset\longrightarrow{\text{rot}};\Omega)=\{u\in (L_p(\Omega))^3\;| \;\overset\longrightarrow {\text{rot}}\, u \in( L_p(\Omega))^3\}, \] equipped with the obvious norms. The closure of the space \((\mathcal D (\Omega))^3\) in these spaces is denoted by \(H^o_p(\text{div};\Omega)\) and \(H^o_p(\overset\longrightarrow{\text{rot}};\Omega)\), respectively. If \(p>\frac32\), \(q=\frac {p}{p-1},\) they prove the existence of a constant \(C\) such that \[ | \int _{\Omega}(u.v)\, dx| \leq C(\| u\| _{(L_p(\Omega))^3}\| \overset\longrightarrow {\text{rot}}\, v\| _{(L_q(\Omega))^3}+\| v\| _{(L_q(\Omega))^3} \| \text{div}\, u\| _{L_p(\Omega)}) \] for any \(u\in H_p(\text{div} ;\Omega)\), \(v\in H^o_q(\overset\longrightarrow{\text{rot}};\Omega).\) Similar estimates for \(| \int _{\Omega} (u.v)\,dx|\) are obtained when \(p>\frac32\) (resp., \(p>3\)) for any \(u\in H_q^o(\text{div};\Omega)\), \(v\in H_p(\overset\longrightarrow{\text{rot}}; \Omega)\). The proofs are based on the density of \((\mathcal D(\overline{\Omega}))^3\) in \( H_p(\text{div};\Omega)\) and \(H_p(\overset\longrightarrow{\text{rot}} ; \Omega)\) and on some estimates from the theory of vector fields obtained previously by the first author. The particular case \(p=2\) is investigated for not necessarily starlike \(\Omega\).