On the number of \(2\pi\)-periodic solutions for \(u''+g(u)=s(1+h(t))\) using the Poincaré-Birkhoff theorem (Q1183245): Difference between revisions

The differential equation mentioned in the title is considered under the assumption that \(g:\mathbb R\to \mathbb R\) is of class \(C^ 1\), \(h:\mathbb R\to \mathbb R\) is continuous and \(2\pi\)-periodic and \(s\) is a parameter. The function \(g\) is supposed also to satisfy one of the following two conditions: (i) For some nonnegative integer \(n\) \[ \lim_{t\to -\infty} g(t)=+\infty,\quad 0\leq n^ 2<\lim_{t\to+\infty}g'(t)<(n+1)^ 2. \] (ii) There exist positive integers \(k\) and \(n\) such that \[ (k-1)^ 2<\alpha\equiv\lim_{t\to- \infty}g'(t)<k^ 2\leq n^ 2<\beta\equiv\lim_{t\to+\infty}g'(t)<(n+1)^ 2, \] where \((2\sqrt{\alpha\beta}/(\sqrt\alpha+\sqrt\beta))\) is not an integer. The following two theorems are proved: Theorem 1. Assume (i) is satisfied. Then there is an \(h_ 0\), \(0<h_ 0<1\), and an \(s_ 0=s(h_ 0)\), \(s_ 0>0\), such that for all \(h\in C(2\pi)\) with \(\| h\|_ 0\leq h_ 0<1\) the considered equation possesses at least \(2n+2\) \(2\pi\)-periodic solutions. Theorem 2. Assume (ii) is satisfied. Then there is an \(h_ 0\), \(0<h_ 0<1\), and an \(s_ 0=s(h_ 0)\), \(s_ 0>0\), such that for all \(h\in C(2\pi)\) with \(\| h\|_ 0\leq h_ 0<1\) the considered equation possesses: (a) for all \(s\geq s_ 0\) at least \(2(n-l)+1\) \(2\pi\)-periodic solutions. (b) for all negative \(s\) with \(| s|\geq s_ 0\) at least \(2(l-k+1)+1\) \(2\pi\)-periodic solutions. Here \(l=\int(2\sqrt{\alpha\beta}/(\sqrt\alpha+\sqrt\beta))\).