Some remarks on open covers and selection principles using ideals (Q260557): Difference between revisions

A family \(\mathcal{I}\) of subsets of a non-empty set \(Y\) is said to be an \textit{ideal} over \(Y\) if (i) \(A, B \in \mathcal{I}\) implies \(A \cup B \in \mathcal{I}\), and (ii) \(A \in \mathcal{I}, B \subseteq A\) implies \(B \in \mathcal{I}\). An ideal over \(Y\) is said to be \textit{proper} if \(Y \notin \mathcal{I}\) and \(\mathcal{I} \neq \{\emptyset\}\), and it is said to be \textit{admissible} if \(\{x\} \in \mathcal{I}\) for every \(x \in Y\). Notice that any admissible ideal over \(Y\) includes the ideal of all finite subsets of \(Y\). An open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) of a topological space \(X\) is said to be an \textit{\(\omega\)-cover} if \(X \notin \mathcal{U}\) and for every finite subset \(F \subseteq X\) there is some \(U \in \mathcal{U}\) such that \(F \subseteq \mathcal{U}\), and it is said to be a \textit{large cover} if for every point of \(X\) there are infinitely many elements of the cover containing that point. In the paper under review, the authors proceed with the research initiated (by the first and third authors) in [\textit{D. Chandra} and \textit{P. Das}, Topol. Proc. 39, 281--291 (2012; Zbl 1260.54039)] and [\textit{P. Das}, Houston J. Math. 39, No. 2, 637--650 (2013; Zbl 1273.54022)] and keep on investigating a number of versions of notions involving selection principles and open covers, stated in terms of ideals \(\mathcal{I}\) over the set \(\mathbb{N}\) of positive integers. Several new notions are introduced within this context, for instance:{\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] an open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(X\) is said to be a \textit{\(c\omega\)-cover} if \(X \notin \mathcal{U}\) and for every countable subset \(F \subseteq X\) there is some \(U \in \mathcal{U}\) such that \(F \subseteq \mathcal{U}\);\item[(ii)] a countable open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) of \(X\) is said to be an \textit{\(\mathcal{I}\)-large cover} if there is an enumeration \(\{U_n: n \in \mathbb{N}\}\) of \(\mathcal{U}\) such that for every \(x \in X\) one has \(\{n \in \mathbb{N}: x \in U_n\} \notin \mathcal{I}\);\item[(iii)] given a family \(\mathcal{A}\) of subsets of an infinite set \(S\), an element \(A \in \mathcal{A}\) is said to be \textit{\(\mathcal{I}\)-groupable} if there is a partition \(A = \bigcup\limits_{n \in \mathbb{N}} A_n\) of \(A\) into pairwise disjoint finite sets such that for each \(M \notin \mathcal{I}\) the set \(\bigcup \{A_n: n \in M\} \in \mathcal{A}\); and \item[(iv)] the \(\mathcal{I}\)-Hurewicz game on a topological space \(X\) is played by two players, ONE and TWO, as follows: in the \(n\)-th inning, \(n \geqslant 1\), ONE chooses an open cover \(\mathcal{O}_n\) of \(X\) and TWO responds by choosing a finite set \(\tau_n \subseteq \mathcal{O}_n\), and a play \((\mathcal{O}_1, \tau_1, \mathcal{O}_2, \tau_2, \ldots, \mathcal{O}_n, \tau_n, \ldots)\) is won by TWO if for every \(x \in X\) the set \(\{n \in \mathbb{N}: x \notin \bigcup \tau_n\} \in \mathcal{I}\), and it is won by ONE otherwise. \end{itemize}} A large number of theorems are established. Typical results of the paper include the following: {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(I)] (\textit{Folklore}) Every \(\omega\)-cover of \(X\) is a large cover of \(X\). \item[(II)] There is a topological space \(X\) and a countable \(\omega\)-cover which is not an \(\mathcal{I}\)-large cover, for a proper admissible ideal \(\mathcal{I}\) which includes properly the ideal of finite subsets of \(\mathbb{N}\). \item[(III)] There is an uncountable \(\omega\)-cover which is not a \(c\omega\)-cover. \item[(IV)] There is a countable large cover which is not an \(\mathcal{I}\)-large cover, for a proper admissible ideal \(\mathcal{I}\). \end{itemize}} \noindent \((V)\) An open cover \(\mathcal{U}\) of a topological space \(X\) is \(\mathcal{I}\)-groupable if, and only if, there is a partition \(\mathcal{U} = \bigcup\limits_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \mathcal{U}_n\) of \(\mathcal{U}\) into pairwise disjoint finite sets such that for every \(x \in X\) the set \(\{n \in \mathbb{N}: x \notin \bigcup \mathcal{U}_n\} \in \mathcal{I}\). \noindent \((VI)\) If \(X\) is a topological space such that ONE has no winning strategy in the \(\mathcal{I}\)-Hurewicz game on \(X\), then each \(\mathcal{I}\)-large cover of \(X\) is \(\mathcal{I}\)-groupable.