Solid extensions of the Cesàro operator on \(\ell^p\) and \(c_0\) (Q405700): Difference between revisions

Given \(a=(a_n)_{0}^{\infty}\) in \(\mathbb{C}^\mathbb{N}\) for which \(\alpha=\lim a_n\) exists, briefly \(a\in c\), the sequence of averages also satisfies \(\alpha=\lim \left(\frac{1}{n+1}\sum _{k=0}^{n}a_k\right)\). The Cesàro operator \(\mathcal{C}: c\rightarrow c\) is given by \[ a=(a_n)_{0}^{\infty} \mapsto \mathcal{C}(a):= \left(\frac{1}{n+1}\sum _{k=0}^{n}a_k\right)_{n=0}^{\infty}. \] It is well known that the operator norm of \(\mathcal{C}:\ell^p\rightarrow \ell^p\) is \(\|\mathcal{C}\|_{op}=p^\prime\), where \(1/p+1/p^\prime=1\). Moreover, for each \(1<p<\infty\), there exist elements \(a\) are not in \(\ell^p\) for which \(a\in\ell^p\). Hence, it is naturally to consider the \textit{optimal domain} of the Cesàro operator \(\mathcal{C}:\ell^p\rightarrow \ell^p\), namely, the largest subspace \[ [\mathcal{C}, \ell^p]=\left\{a=(a_n)_{0}^{\infty} \in \mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}: \mathcal{C}(a):= \left(\frac{1}{n+1}\sum _{k=0}^{n}a_k\right)_{n=0}^{\infty} \in \ell^p\right\}, \] which is a Banach space with the norm \[ \|a\|_{[\mathcal{C}, \ell^p]}:= \|\mathcal{C}(a)\|_{\ell^p}= \left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left|\frac{1}{n+1}\sum _{k=0}^{n}a_k\right|^p\right)^{1/p}. \] It is well known that the space \(\ell^p\) has the property of being solid for the coordinate-wise order, that is, if \(a\in\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\) and \(b\in\ell^p\) with \(|a|<|b|\), then also \(a\in\ell^p\). On the other hand, the space \([\mathcal{C}, \ell^p]\) fails to be solid. Hence, the authors of this paper consider the solid core of \([\mathcal{C}, \ell^p]\), which is defined as \[ [\mathcal{C}, \ell^p]_s=\left\{a=(a_n)_{0}^{\infty} \in \mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}: \left(\frac{1}{n+1}\sum _{k=0}^{n}|a_k|\right)_{n=0}^{\infty} \in \ell^p\right\}. \] using this extension process, the authors get the known sequence space and Banach lattice \(\mathrm{ces}_p\), equipped with the norm \[ \|a\|_{\mathrm{ces}_p}:= \left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{1}{n+1}\sum_{k=0}^{n}|a_k|\right)^p\right)^{1/p}=\|\mathcal{C}(|a|)\|_{\ell^p}. \] First, the authors consider the solid core generated by the Cesàro operator \(\mathcal{C}: \mathrm{ces}_p\rightarrow \mathrm{ces}_p\). Even though the space \(\mathrm{ces}_p\) is substantially larger than the space \(\ell^p\), the authors show no further solid extension occurs, it turns out that \([\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{ces}_p]_s= \mathrm{ces}_p\); that is for \(1<p<\infty\) the largest solid subspace of \(\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\) which \(\mathcal{C}\) maps continuously into \(\mathrm{ces}_p\) is \(\mathrm{ces}_p\) itself. Second, the authors consider the generalized Cesàro operator \(\mathcal{G}_{\alpha}\) where \(1<\alpha<1/p^\prime\). For \(a\in\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\), this operator \(\mathcal{G}_{\alpha}:\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\) is given by \[ a=(a_n)_{0}^{\infty} \mapsto \mathcal{G}_{\alpha}(a) := \left(\frac{1}{(n+1)^{1-\alpha}} \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{a_k}{(k+1)^{\alpha}}\right)_{n=0}^{\infty}, \] and its related sequence space \[ \mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\alpha}:= \left\{a=(a_n)_{0}^{\infty}: \left(\frac{1}{(n+1)^{1-\alpha}} \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{|a_k|}{(k+1)^{\alpha}}\right)_{n=0}^{\infty} \in\ell^p\right\}, \] which is a Banach lattice relative to the norm \(\|a\|_{\mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\alpha}}:= \|\mathcal{G}_{\alpha}(|a|)\|_{p}\). The authors show that for \(1<p<\infty\) and \(0<\alpha<\beta<1/p^\prime\), we get \(\ell^p \varsubsetneq\mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\beta} \varsubsetneq\mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\alpha} \varsubsetneq\mathrm{ces}_{p}\) and \(\mathrm{ces}_p = [\mathcal{C}, \ell^p]_s \subseteq [\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\alpha}]_s\). Moreover, they show that \([\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\alpha}]_s = \mathrm{ces}_p\) and the optimal solid domain of \(\mathcal{C}: \mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\alpha}\rightarrow \mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\alpha}\) is the space \(\mathrm{ces}_p\); that is, \(\mathcal{C}: \mathrm{ces}_{p}\rightarrow \mathrm{ces}_{p}^{\alpha}\) optimally. Third, the authors consider for each \(b\in\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\) a convolution operator \(T_b: \mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\) which is defined as \[ a=(a_k)_{0}^{\infty}\mapsto T_{b}(a)=a\ast b := \left(\sum_{j=0}^{k}a_j b_{k-j}\right)_{k=0}^{\infty}. \] They show that \(T_b\) is bounded from \(\mathrm{ces}_p\) to \(\mathrm{ces}_p\) if and only if \(b\in\ell^1\); that is, \(\mathcal{M}(\mathrm{ces}_p)=\ell^1\). Fourth, the authors determine the operator norm and spectrum of \(\mathcal{C}: \mathrm{ces}_p \rightarrow \mathrm{ces}_p\), namely, \(\|\mathcal{C}\|_{op}=p^\prime\) and the spectrum \(\displaystyle\sigma (\mathcal{C})= \left\{z\in\mathbb{C}: \left|\frac{p^\prime}{2}- z\right| \leq \frac{p^\prime}{2}\right\}\). Finally, the authors consider the limiting case, the Cesàro operator \(\mathcal{C}: c_0 \rightarrow c_0\). In this case, the solid core \(\mathrm{ces}_0 = [\mathcal{C}, c_0]_s\) is defined as \(\mathrm{ces}_0= \{a\in\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}} : \mathcal{C}(|a|)\in c_0\}\). The authors show that \(\mathcal{M}(\mathrm{ces}_0)=\ell^1\), \(\|\mathcal{C}\|_{op}= 1\), and \(\displaystyle\sigma (\mathcal{C})= \left\{z\in\mathbb{C}: |z-\frac{1}{2}| \leq \frac{1}{2}\right\}\). Moreover, they show that the largest solid subspace of \(\mathbb{C}^{\mathbb{N}}\) which \(\mathcal{C}\) maps continuously into \(\mathrm{ces}_0\) is \(\mathrm{ces}_0\) itself; that is, \([\mathcal{C}, \mathrm{ces}_0]_s= \mathrm{ces}_0\).