Dynamical systems in population biology (Q5892426): Difference between revisions

In this interesting book an introduction to the theory of nonautonomous semiflows on metric spaces is presented and several applications to population dynamics are given. More attention is paid to periodic and almost periodic models. This is the second edition of the book [\textit{X.-Q. Zhao}, Dynamical systems in population biology. New York, NY: Springer (2003; Zbl 1023.37047)]. In this edition, the author gives some necessary revisions and adds four new chapters: 11, 12, 13, 14. Chapter 1 is devoted to abstract discrete dynamical systems on metric spaces. It is shown that a dissipative, uniformly persistent, and asymptotically compact system must admit a coexistence state. More exactly, in Section 1.1 the author gives common notions as limit sets and global attractors, while Section 1.2 refers to chain transitivity and attractivity. Section 1.3 presents facts from strong repellers and persistence and gives results on the existence of coexistence states of a discrete semidynamical system. Section 1.3 is new in this edition and it gives some results on persistence and attractors (borrowed mainly, from [\textit{P. Magal} and \textit{X.-Q. Zhao}, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 37, No. 1, 251--275 (2005; Zbl 1128.37016)]). The final Section 1.4 is devoted to persistence under perturbations, by giving emphasis to robust permanence. Chapter 2 refers to monotone dynamical systems on ordered Banach spaces. Sections 2.1 and 2.2 are devoted to global attractivity for monotone maps. At the end of this section convergence and attractivity of monotone autonomous semiflows are discussed. In Section 2.3 the author presents some facts from global attractivity of subhomogeneous dynamical systems. Here a global attractivity result is presented for skew-product semiflows, a result borrowed from [\textit{X.-Q. Zhao}, J. Differ. Equations 187, No. 2, 494--509 (2003; Zbl 1023.37043)]. In Section 2.4 competitive systems on ordered Banach spaces are discussed. Section 2.5 is new in this edition and it deals with the saddle point behavior for monotone semiflows with two ordered and locally stable equilibria, a result which is also extended to the case where there are more than two totally ordered and locally stable equilibria. The chapter ends with Section 2.6, where an exponential ordering for a Banach space of continuous functions is introduced. The purpose of Chapter 3 is to develop the theory of nonautonomous semiflows. In Section 3.1 the concept of periodic semiflows is introduced and it is shown the relation of uniform persistence of a periodic semiflow with its associated Poincaré map. Applications of the theory of monotone discrete dynamical systems are given to periodic cooperative ordinary differential systems and scalar parabolic equations. Two examples are also given. The concept of asymptotically periodic semiflows is presented in section 3.2 and some related results are applied in Section 3.3 to almost periodic cooperative ordinary differential systems \(du/dt=f(t,u), t>0,\) \(u(0)=v\in\mathbb{R}_+^n,\) to the scalar delay differential equations \(du/dt=f(t,u(t),u(t-\tau)), t>0,\) \(u(s)=\phi(s), s\in[-\tau,0]\), and to the scalar almost periodic Kolmogorov-type parabolic equations. Section 3.4 is devoted to a discussion of continuous processes on a metric space, where, among others the equivalence of two types of skew-product semiflows is proved. Finally, in Section 3.5 (which is new in this edition) the author studies the problem of solution maps of a large class of abstract functional nonautonomous differential equations. In Theorem 3.5.1 (which is a slight generalization of the well-known Theorem 4.1.1 in [\textit{J. K. Hale}, Asymptotic behavior of dissipative systems. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (1988; Zbl 0642.58013)]), the phase space is re-normed to make the solution map an \(\alpha\)-condensing map, where \(\alpha\) is the Kuratowskii measure of noncompactness. Chapter 4 presents an analysis of a chemostat discrete mathematical model of \(m\)-species competition. The formulation of the model is given in Section 4.1 and the investigation of its limiting behavior is discussed in the rest of the chapter. Chapter 5 presents a general framework to study models of \(n\)-species competition in a periodically operated chemostat. Nutrient input, dilution, and species-specific removal rates are all permitted to be periodic. In Section 5.1 the \(n\)-dimensional Kolmogorov periodic system of the form \(du_i/dt=u_iF_{i}(t,u), i=1, \dots, n\) is discussed, while in Section 5.2 the global dynamics is discussed first for scalar asymptotically periodic Kolmogorov equations, and then for single species periodically operated chemostat equation. The \(n\)-species competition model in a general periodic chemostat is studied in Section 5.3, where, sufficient conditions that guarantee the uniform persistence of all species and the existence of at least one positive periodic solution of the full system are given. The 3-species competition model is studied in the final section. Chapter 6 is devoted to the study of the long-term behavior of solutions and almost periodic coexistence states in almost periodic Kolmogorov competitive systems of ordinary differential equations and an almost periodic chemostat. The author discusses the competitive coexistence in nonautonomous Lotka-Volterra competitive systems. In Section 6.1 a threshold-type result is obtained for scalar asymptotically almost periodic Kolmogrov equations, namely, either the trivial solution or the unique positive almost periodic solution of the limiting almost periodic equation attracts all positive solutions, depending on the linear stability of the trivial solution. In Section 6.2, competitive coexistence of \(n\) competing species is discussed. Section 6.3 is devoted to the study of a single-population growth model in an almost periodic chemostat of the form \[ \dot S (t)=(S^0(t)-S(t))D_0(t)-x(t)P(t,S(t)), \qquad \dot x(t)=x(t)(P(t,S(t))-D_1(t)). \] In Section 6.4, the competitive coexistence in nonautonomous two-species competitive Lotka-Volterra systems is investigated. Chapter 7 is devoted to a general periodic parabolic competitor-competitor-mutualist model with spatial heterogeneity of the form \(\partial{u}_1/\partial{t}+A_1(t)u_1=u_1[g_1(x, t, u_1)-q_1(x, t, u_1, u_2, u_3)]\) in \(\Omega\times (0, +\infty)\), \(\partial{u}_2/\partial{t}+A_2(t)u_1=u_2[g_2(x, t, u_2)-q_2(x, t, u_1, u_2)],\) in \(\Omega\times (0, +\infty)\), \(\partial{u}_3/\partial{t}+A_3(t)u_3=u_3h(x, t, u_1, u_3)]\) in \(\Omega\times (0, +\infty)\), associated with boundary condition \(B_1u_1=B_2u_2=B_3u_3=0\) on \(\partial\Omega\times(0,+\infty).\) Here \(A_i\) are uniformly elliptic differential expressions of second order for each \(t\in (0,\omega).\) In Section 7.1 a result is formulated on weak periodic repellers for periodic parabolic systems in order to apply persistence theory to the model system. In Sections 7.2 and 7.3 the author discusses the global coexistence of all the species and the competitive exclusion of one of the competing species, respectively. Section 7.4 (which is taken from [\textit{Y. Du}, Differ. Integral Equ. 9, No. 5, 1043--1066 (1996; Zbl 0858.35057)]), is devoted to the one parameter system \[ \begin{aligned} \partial{u}_1/\partial{t}=\alpha_1\Delta u_1+u_1[\lambda\beta_1-\alpha_1u_1-\alpha_2u_2/(1+\alpha3u_3))]\quad \text{in }\Omega\times (0, +\infty),\\ \partial{u}_2/\partial{t}=\alpha_2\Delta u_2+u_2[\beta_2-b_1u_1-b_2u_2)]\quad \text{in } \Omega\times (0, +\infty),\\ \partial{u}_3/\partial{t}=\alpha_3\Delta u_3+u_2[\beta_3-c_3u_3/(1+c_1u_1)))]\quad \text{in } \Omega\times (0, +\infty),\end{aligned} \] associated with the boundary condition \(Bu_1=Bu_2=Bu_3=0\) on \(\partial\Omega\times(0,+\infty)\) and a bifurcation result is given in Theorem 7.4.1. In Chapter 8 a competition model with periodically varying input nutrient concentration is studied. The model is presented in Section 8.1 and it has the form \[ \frac{\partial S}{\partial t}=d_0\frac{\partial^2S}{\partial x^2}-v\frac{\partial S}{\partial x}-u_1f_1(S)-u_2f_2(S),\qquad \frac{\partial u_i}{\partial t}=d_i\frac{\partial^2u_i}{\partial x^2}-v\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x}+u_1(f_i(S)-k_i), \] with \(i=1,2.\) Then the well-posedness of the initial-boundary value problem and the positivity of its solutions are investigated. Section 8.2 is devoted to the special case of the model system with identical diffusivities and vanishing cell death rates. After consideration of the washout solution, a conservation principle is established and then stability of a the single-population growth is discussed. Section 8.3 is devoted to the perturbed one-parameter model, with different diffusivities and inclusion of cell death rates. The purpose of Chapter 9 is to present a nonlocal and delayed predator-prey model and analyze its global dynamics. In Section 9.1 a nonlocal and delayed predator equation is derived and supplemented by a standard prey equation with diffusion and without delays. Then it is shown that, under appropriate conditions, solutions exist and are unique and bounded for all forward times, and that the associated solution semiflow has a compact global attractor. In Section 9.2, given the persistence of the prey, conditions for uniform persistence of the predator and existence of a steady state are derived, in which both preys and predators coexist, and as it is shown in Section 9.3, these conditions are sharp. In Section 9.4 the global attractivity of steady states for a special model system is discussed, while in Section 9.5 the threshold dynamics of a nonlocal and delayed single species model is investigated. In Chapter 10 the existence, global attractivity, stability with phase shift, and uniqueness up to translation of periodic traveling waves of an equation of the form \(u_t-u_{zz}-f(u,t)=0, z\in\mathbb{R}, t>0\), are investigated. The purpose of Chapter 11 is to present the theory of basic reproduction ratios \(R_0\) for two classes of population models with compartmental structure. In Section 11.1, \(R_0\) for periodic and time-delayed models is introduced and give stability results. An explicit formula for \(R_0\) in the autonomous case is also obtained. In Section 11.2, the theory of \(R_0\) is applied to a periodic SEIR model of a disease transmission and a threshold-type result on its global dynamics is established. In Section 11.3, the theory of \(R_0\) for reaction-diffusion epidemic models is developed. In Section 11.4 the obtained results are applied to a spatial model of rabies, and show that the disease-free steady state is asymptotically stable if \(R_0 < 1\), and unstable if \(R_0 > 1\). In Chapter 12 a mathematical approach to the study of biological systems with seasonal variations is proposed. A first model with two-stage is presented in Section 12.1. In Section 12.2, the basic reproduction ratio \(R_0\) is introduced for the model system and the author establishes a threshold-type result on its global dynamics. In Section 12.3, the idea of [\textit{D. Posny} and \textit{J. Wang}, Appl. Math. Comput. 242, 473--490 (2014; Zbl 1334.92423)] is used to numerically compute the reproduction ratio. In Section 13.1 the effect of spatial and temporal heterogeneities on the extinction and persistence of the infectious disease for a system of the form \({\partial{\bar{S}}}/{\partial t}-d_S\Delta\bar{S}=-{\beta(x,t)\bar{S}\bar{I}}/({\bar{S}+\bar{I}})+\gamma(x,t)\bar{I},\) \(x\in\Omega, t>0,\) \({\partial{I}}/{\partial t}-d_I\Delta\bar{I}={\beta(x,t)\bar{S}\bar{I}}/({\bar{S}+\bar{I}})-\gamma(x,t)\bar{I},\) \(x\in\Omega, t>0,\) \({\partial{\bar{S}}}/{\partial\nu}={\partial{\bar{I}}}/{\partial\nu}=0,\) \(x\in\partial{\Omega}, t>0,\) \(\bar{S}(x,0)=S_0(x),\) \(\bar{I}(x,0)=I_0(x),\) \(x\in\Omega\) is investigated. In Section 13.2, a threshold-type dynamics for the system above in terms of the reproduction ration \(R_0\) is discussed. More specifically, in Theorem 13.2.1 it is proved that the disease-free constant solution is globally stable if \(R_0<1,\) while if \(R_0>1\) the system admits at least one endemic \(\omega\)-periodic solution and the disease is uniformly persistent. The global attractivity of the positive \(\omega\)-periodic solution is presented in Section 13.3. A discussion on the biological interpretations of the analytical results is presented in Section 13.4. The purpose of Chapter 14 is to modify the nonlocal spatial model in [\textit{W. Wang} and \textit{X.-Q. Zhao}, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 75, No. 3, 1142--1170 (2015; Zbl 1335.35129)] by incorporating the self-regulation mechanism for the tick population, and to establish the global dynamics of the model system in terms of the basic reproduction ratio. In Section 14.1, it is presented the spatial model of Lyme disease and give some biological interpretations of the related parameters are given. In Section 14.2, it is studied the global dynamics of the disease-free system. In Section 14.3, results on the global dynamics of the full model system are given. Among others it is proved that the reproduction ratio \(R_0\) serves as a threshold value for the global attractivity of the disease-free, or endemic steady state by appealing to the theory of chain transitive sets. The mathematician interested in mathematical biology will find this book useful. It may be used as a supplementary textbook for graduate topics related to applications of dynamical systems on mathematical biology. The book includes an impressive list of references.