Imperfect bifurcation in structures and materials. Engineering use of group-theoretic bifurcation theory. (Q988547): Difference between revisions

The book provides a modern theory of imperfect bifurcation phenomena in physical and engineering problems. It is divided into three parts. The first one is devoted to the investigation of sufficiently small imperfect bifurcations in a neighborhood of a simple critical point and contains many examples from mechanics of structures and materials. Various important aspects of imperfect bifurcation and tools of its investigation are introduced such as the bifurcation equation, Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction, classification of simple critical points (Ch. 2); imperfection sensitivity laws (limit point, transcritical bifurcation and pitchfork bifurcation points) with examples of imperfection sensitivity (Ch. 3); the theory of worst imperfection (Ch. 4). In Ch. 5 the characteristics of random imperfections (probability density functions of critical loads, distribution of its minimum values) are introduced with examples of scatter of critical loads and with the derivation of scaling factors. Ch. 6 provides on the basis of imperfection sensitivity laws the strategy for the investigation of imperfect bifurcations by using experimentally observed bifurcation diagrams, and gives examples of bifurcation diagrams in engineering problems for various materials. Particularly, here the authors present a systematic strategy to recover the perfect system of bifurcations from an imperfect one. The first part of the book explains also the mechanism of bifurcations of structures and materials without symmetry. It can serve as a source of examples to the regularization theory of bifurcations and ill-posed branching problems developed by Russian authors V. A. Trenogin and N. A. Sidorov [\textit{N. A. Sidorov} and \textit{V. A. Trenogin}, Math. Notes 20(1976), 976--979 (1977), translation from Mat. Zametki 20, 747--752 (1976; Zbl 0359.65049); Sov. Math., Dokl. 17, 886--890 (1976); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 228, 1049--1052 (1976; Zbl 0356.65047); Sib. Math. J. 17, 314--323 (1976; Zbl 0354.47027); Sib. Math. J. 19, 128--132 (1978); translation from Sib. Mat. Zh. 19, 180--185 (1978; Zbl 0438.47063); Singular Perturb. Bound. Layer Theory, Proc. Conf. Lyon 1976, Lect. Notes Math. 594, 491--505 (1977; Zbl 0361.65056)]. In Part II the results are extended to multiple critical points of symmetric systems with basic attention to simple groups (dihedral and cyclic). Ch. 7 contains the main ideas of group-theoretic bifurcation theory and includes the group invariance to represent the symmetry of the governing equations with imperfections, and the Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction to derive the bifurcation equation. Here the authors also use the isotropy group to describe the symmetry of solutions, and employ the block-diagonalization to investigate the Jacobian matrix and the imperfection sensitivity matrix. Among these tools the authors do not mention the Lie-Ovsyannikov group analysis method for the construction and investigation of solutions of bifurcation equations (see a survey in Ch. 5 of the collective monograph [\textit{N. Sidorov, B. Loginov, A. Sinitsyn} and \textit{M. Falaleev}, Lyapunov-Schmidt methods in nonlinear analysis and applications. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers (2002; Zbl 1027.47001)]). Ch. 8 develops in detail the theory of perfect and imperfect bifurcations in a neighborhood of critical point for systems with dihedral or cyclic group symmetry, with applications to bifurcation of domes. Here the authors use the complete bifurcation diagram of \(D_n\)-equivariant system and experimentally observed bifurcation diagrams extended to \(D_n\)-equivariant systems. In Ch. 9 the theory of the worst imperfection for \(D_n\)-symmetric systems is presented and applied to domes and shells (truss tents, regular-hexagonal truss dome), for which critical points generically appear. In Ch. 10 the authors examine the probabilistic variation of critical loads for imperfections subjected to a multivariate normal distribution. Ch. 11 describes perfect and imperfect bifurcations in domes and soil specimens by the application of numerical methods such as path tracing, singularity detection, branch-switching analysis, scaled-corrector method and some variants of the block-diagonalization method. Ch. 12 presents the new material added to the second edition -- computational procedures for block-diagonalization method in bifurcation analysis. In the third part the authors study the bifurcations of physical and structural systems by modeling their symmetry and by using experimental and numerical simulations. So, Ch. 13 investigates the bifurcation of shapes of cylindrical sand specimens, and Ch. 14 studies the echelon-mode formation in various materials (soil, sand, kaolin and steel). Here the authors describe experiments on soil specimens, rectangular plates with periodic boundaries, striples on kaolin and steel, and diamond patterns on sand. Both chapters contain the appendicies: derivation of bifurcation rules for \(D_{nh}\)- and \(D_{nd}\)-equivariant systems (Ch. 13), and bifurcations of \(O(2)\times O(2)\)-, \(OB^{\pm}_{n\tilde{n}}\)- and \(D_{\infty \infty}\)-equivariant systems and the symmetry of Fourier terms (Ch. 14). Ch. 15 presents the recursive bifurcation of rectangular parallelepiped steel specimens and a study of hilltop bifurcation. Ch. 16 gives, as an up-to-date topic added in the second edition, an analysis of flower patterns of honeycomb cellular patterns, with the symmetry of semidirect product of \(D_6\) and \(\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2\), where the bifurcated patterns of a honeycomb structure are examined theoretically and numerically. The \(2\times 2\) cells with periodic boundaries are employed as a representative volume element, and a complete list of possible bifurcating patterns of \(2\times 2\) cells is obtained. Numerical bifurcation analysis is also conducted for an elastic in-plane honeycomb structure to obtain the whole set of bifurcated paths. In the numerical bifurcation analysis, the knowledge of symmetries of bifurcating solutions is of great assistance in the tracing of bifurcated paths at triple bifurcation points. The authors also study here some flowerlike modes with different symmetries. The reviewed book can be useful in developing a modern imperfect bifurcation theory. Additionally, the book can also be considered as a reliable bridge between the mathematical theory and engineering practice.