Prime Fano threefolds and integrable systems (Q2458862): Difference between revisions

Let \(X\) be a smooth compact complex variety \(X\) of dimension \(3\) such that the anticanonical divisor \(-K_X\) is the ample generator of \(\text{Pic}(X)\). Then \(X\) is called a smooth prime Fano threefold. For any curve \(C\subset X\), we say that \(C\) has degree \(d\) if \(-K_{X}\cdot C=d\). Let \(S\) be a general surface in \(|-K_{X}|\). Then \(S\) is a smooth \(K3\) surface (this was proved by Shokurov). For any natural number \(d\), the punctual Hilbert scheme \(\text{Hilb}_dS\) of length \(d\) subschemes of \(S\) is a smooth complex symplectic variety. If \(d=1\), then \(\text{Hilb}_dS\simeq S\). Any curve \(C\subset S\) is a Lagrangian subvariety of \(S\), and if \(C\) is smooth, then the relative Jacobian \(\mathcal{J}\) is a Lagrangian fibration (equivalently, an algebraically completely integrable system) over an open subset of the complete linear system \(|C|\). It was observed by Thomas that any component \(\mathcal{H}\) of the Hilbert scheme of smooth curves of degree \(d\) on \(X\) is sent by the intersection map \(j\) with \(S\) to a Lagrangian subvariety \(j(\mathcal{H})\) of \(\text{Hilb}_dS\). In the paper under review, the authors study the scheme \(F(X)\) of curves of degree \(2\) (conics) on \(X\). Suppose, in addition, that \(X\) is general in moduli. Then \(F(X)\) is a smooth irreducible surface. The structure of \(F(X)\) is also known. Let \(J(X)\) be the the intermediate Jacobian of \(X\). The authors shows that the Abel-Jacobi mapping \(F\to F(X)\) induced an isomorphism \(\text{Alb}(F(X))\simeq J(X)\). In particular, \(F(X)\simeq J(X)\) if \(-K_{X}^{3}=18\). The authors show that \(j: F(X)\to \text{Hilb}_2S\) is an immersion, and \(j\) is injective for \(-K_{X}^3\geq 12\) (but not for \(-K_{X}^{3}<12\)). Thus, the image \(j(F(X))\) is a Lagrangian surface in the symplectic fourfold \(\text{Hilb}_2S\), and \(j(F(X))\) is smooth if \(-K_{X}^{3}\geq 12\). The authors prove that \(X\) is uniquely determined by \(S\) and \(j(F(X))\) if \(18\geq-K_{X}^{3}\geq 12\), which is no longer true if \(-K_{X}^{3}=22\), because \(F(X)\simeq\mathbb{P}^{2}\) if \(-K_{X}^{3}=22\), while \(X\) has moduli. The authors show that the embedding \(j(F(X)) \subset \text{Hilb}_2S\) gives rise to an algebraic integrable system (a Lagrangian fibration), and they describe the fibers of this Lagrangian fibration.