A note on the behavior of integrable functions at infinity (Q542854): Difference between revisions

Given a measurable subset \(A\) of \(\mathbb R\), we say that \(A\) has zero density (at infinity) if \[ \lim_{r\to \infty}\frac{m(A\cap (-r,r))}{r}=0. \] Let \(f\) be a real-valued function defined on an interval \([\alpha,\infty )\), its limit in density at infinity, \[ l=(d)-\lim_{x\to \infty}f(x) \] is defined by the condition that each of the sets \(\{t\geq\alpha:| f(t)-l|\geq \varepsilon\}\) has zero density, whenever \(\varepsilon>0\). The authors prove the following theorems: Suppose that \(f:[0,\infty )\to\mathbb{R}\) is a nonnegative function which belongs to one of the Lebesgue spaces \(L^{p}(0,\infty )\), with \(p\in [1,\infty]\). Then \[ \lim_{x\to \infty}\frac{1}{x}\int_{0}^{x}f(t)\,dt=0\text{ if and only if }(d)-\lim_{x\to \infty}f(x)=0. \] If \(f\in L^1(0,\infty)\), then \[ (d)-\lim_{x\to \infty}xf(x)=0. \] If \(f\in L^1(0,\infty)\), then \[ (d_h)-\lim_{x\to \infty}x\ln xf(x)=0. \] Here, \(d_h\) stands for the harmonic density, \[ d_{h}(A)=\lim_{r\to \infty}\frac{1}{\ln r}\int_{A\cap [ 1,r)}\,\frac{dt}{t}, \] and the limit in harmonic density, \((d_{h})-\lim_{x\to \infty}f(x)=l\), means that each of the sets \(\{t:| f(t)-l|\geq \varepsilon\}\) has zero harmonic density, whenever \(\varepsilon >0\).