Quantum field theories on categories fibered in groupoids (Q2412376): Difference between revisions

Constructing Kan extension of category theory [\textit{S. Mac Lane}, Categories for the working mathematician. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer (1998; Zbl 0906.18001)], category theoretical formulation of quantum field theory is studied, and toy models of homotopical quantum field theories are constructed. Using language of category, a locally covariant quantum field theory is a functor \(\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Loc}\to\mathbf{Alg}\), where \(\mathbf{Loc}\) is the category of globally hyperbolic manifolds, and \(\mathbf{Alg}\) the category of algebras, thought as quantum observables (cf. [\textit{R. Brunetti} et al., Commun. Math. Phys. 237, No. 1--2, 31--68 (2003; Zbl 1047.81052)]). To describe more fine structures of quantum field theory, \(\mathbf{Loc}\) is replacedby \(\mathbf{Str}\), the category manifolds having structures, \(etc\), and \(\mathsf{Alg}\) is replaced by \(\mathbf{dgAlg}\), the category of differential graded algebras, etc. Precisely. \(\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathfrak{Alg}\) is called a quantum field theory on \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) if it fulfilled \(Isotony\), \(Causality\) and \(Time-slice\) axioms (\S2, Def. 2.1). \S2 also defines fibered category over \(\mathbf{Loc}\) \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) and a category fibered in groupoids over \(\mathbf{Loc}\) (cf. [\textit{N. Ikeda}, in: Noncommutative geometry and physics 4. Selected papers based on lectures presented at the Tohoku Forum for Creativity in the thematic year 2015 ``Fundamental problems in quantum physics: strings, black holes and quantum information'', and related events in the period 2014--2016. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific. 79--169 (2017; Zbl 1377.81186)]) as a fibered category such that \(\pi^{-1}(M)\) is a groupoid for each object \(M\) in \(\mathbf{Loc}\) (Def. 2.5, 2.6). Several examples of them such as spin structure (Ex. 2.7), Principal bundles wit hconnection (Ex. 2.8), and global gauge transformation (Ex. 2.11) are also presented. The author remarks Ex. 2.11 also captures a variant of Kaluza-Klein theory. In \S3, as the canonically defined functor \(\mathrm{Ran}_\pi\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Loc}\to \mathfrak{Alg}\) from a category \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) of fibered in groupoid over \(\mathbf{Loc}\) and a functor \(\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Alg}\), is introduced as the right Kan extension (Th. 3.3. [loc. cit.], Theorem 3.1). Then for any object \(M\) in \(\mathbf{Loc}\), existence of a canonical isomorphism \[ \kappa_M:\mathrm{Ran}_\pi\mathfrak{A}(M)\overset{\simeq}{\rightarrow}{\simeq}\lim\mathfrak{A}|_{\pi^{-1}(M)} \] is shown (Th. 3.4). By using \(\kappa\), a candidate \(\mathrm{U}_\pi\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Loc}\to \mathbf{Alg}\) for quantum field theory on \(\mathbf{Loc}\) is obtained (Col. 3.5). In \S4, flabby and Cauchy flabby of a category of fibered in groupoid are defined (Def. 4.1). Then the following Theorem is proved. Theorem 4.3. Let \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) be a category fibered in groupoid and \(\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Alg}\) a quantum field theory. Then the right Kan extension \(\mathrm{U}_\pi\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Loc}\to \mathbf{alg}\) satisfies the causality axiom. It satisfies the isotony axiom, if and only if \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) is flabby, If \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) is Cauchy flabby, then \(\mathrm{U}_\pi\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Loc}\to \mathbf{Alg}\) satifies the time-slice axiom. Examples that show converse of this theorem does not hold, are also given. To capture detailed aspects of gauge theories that become invisible at the level of gauge observables, extending observable algebras to differential graded algebras, the homotopy right Kan extension \[ \mathrm{hoRan}_\pi\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Loc}\to \mathbf{dgAlg} \] from the data \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) and \(\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{dgAlg}\), is introduced in \S5. Here, \(\mathbf{dgAlg}\) is the category of differential graded algebras, regarding algebras as differential graded algebra concentrated in degree zero. It is shown the composition of homotopy right Kan extension with the zeroth cohomology functor \(H^0:\mathbf{dgAlg}\to \mathbf{Alg}\) yields the original right Kan extension; \[ \mathrm{Ran}_\pi\mathfrak{A}=H^0\circ\mathrm{hoRan} _\pi\mathfrak{A} \] (Th. 5.2). Then adopting homotopy limit of differential graded algebras (cf. the appendix, (A14)), the map \(\kappa\) is extended and show it is a weak equivalence in the model category \(\mathbf{dgAlg}\) (Th. 5.3). After these preparations, a toy model of homotopical quantum filed theory \[ \mathrm{hoU}_\pi\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Loc}\to \mathbf{dgAlg} \] is constructed ((5.29a), (5.29b) and (5.29c)). In \S6, the last section, introducing the notions ``up to homotpy'' and strongly Cauchy flabby (Def. 6.6), the followings are proved. Theorem. Let \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) be a category fibered in groupoids and \(\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Alg}\) is a quantum field theory. Then the homotopy right Kan extension \(\mathrm{holU}_\pi\mathfrak{A}:\mathbf{Loc}\to\mathbf{dgAlg}\) satisfies the causality axiom up to homotopy. It satisfies the time slice axiom up to homotopy if \(\pi:\mathbf{Str}\to \mathbf{Loc}\) is a strongly Caushy flabby category. (Th. 6.4, 6.8). In the appendix, a review on differential graded vector spaces and algebras focusing homotopy limits, is given.