Riesz transform characterization of \(H^1\) spaces associated with certain Laguerre expansions (Q765685): Difference between revisions

Let \(\alpha>0\) and let \(X\) denote the space \((0,\infty)\) of homogeneous type equipped with the measure \(d\mu(x)=x^{\alpha}dx\) and the Euclidean distance \(d(x,y)=|x-y|\). Let \[ \psi_k^{(\alpha-1)/2}(x)=\left[\frac{2k!}{\Gamma(k+\alpha/2+1/2)} \right]^{1/2}L_k^{(\alpha-1)/2}(x^2)e^{-x^2/2} \] be the orthogonal system of the Laguerre functions, where \(L_k^{\alpha}\) denotes the \(k\)-th Laguerre polynomial. Each \(\psi_k^{(\alpha-1)/2}\) is an eigenfunction of the Laguerre operator \(Lf(x)=-f''(x)-\frac{\alpha}{x}f'(x)+x^2f(x)\). Let \(T_tf=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\exp(-t\beta_k)\langle f,\psi_k^{(\alpha-1)/2}\rangle\) \(\psi_k^{(\alpha-1)/2}\) be the semigroup of the self-adjoint linear operator on \(L^2(X)\) generated by \(-L\). \(T_t\) has the integral representation, \(T_tf(x)=\int_0^{\infty}T_t(x,y)f(y)\,d\mu(y)\), where \[ T_t(x,y)=\frac{2e^{-2t}(xy)^{-(\alpha-1)/2}}{1-e^{-4t}} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{2}\frac{1+e^{-4t}}{1-e^{-4t}}(x^2+y^2)\right) I_{(\alpha-1)/2}\left(\frac{2e^{-2t}}{1-e^{-4t}}xy\right) \] and \(I_v\) denotes the Bessel function of the second kind. The Riesz transform \(R\) associated to \(L\) is then defined by \(Rf=\sqrt{\pi}\frac{d}{dx}L^{-1/2}f\) with the kernel \(R(x,y)=\sqrt{\pi}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{\partial}{\partial x}T_t(x,y)\,\frac{dt}{\sqrt{t}}\). The author introduces the auxiliary function \(\rho(y)=\chi_{(0,1)}(y)+\frac{1}{y}\chi_{[1,\infty)}(y)\). A function \(a\) is called an \(H^1(X)\)-atom if there exists an interval \(I=B(y_0,r)\subseteq (0,\infty)\), \(r\leq \rho(y_0)\), such that \(\mathop{\mathrm{supp}}\,(a)\subset I\), \(\|a\|_{\infty}\leq\mu(I)^{-1}\) and, if \(r\leq\rho(y_0)/4\), then \(\int_{0}^{\infty}a(x)d\mu(x)=0\). An \(L^1(X)\)-function \(f\) is said to belong to the atomic Hardy space \(H_{at}^1(X)\) if and only if there exist sequences \(\{a_j,\lambda_j\}_{j=1}^{\infty}\) such that \(f=\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}\lambda_ja_j\), each \(a_j\) is an \(H^1(X)\)-atom, \(\lambda_j\in\mathbb{C}\) and \(\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}|\lambda_j|<\infty\). In this paper, the author proves that a function \(f\in L^1(X)\) belongs to \(H_{at}^1(X)\) if and only if \(Rf\in L^1(X)\) and, moreover, the corresponding norms are equivalent, namely, there exists a positive constant \(C\), independent of \(f\), such that \(C^{-1}\|f\|_{H_{at}^1(X)}\leqslant \|f\|_{L^1(X)}+\|Rf\|_{L^1(X)}\leqslant C\|f\|_{H_{at}^1(X)}\).