Adjoint algebraic entropy. (Q986525): Difference between revisions

The algebraic entropy of an endomorphism \(\varphi\) of an Abelian group measures how much the finite subgroups are modified by \(\varphi\). In this paper the authors introduce a new notion, the adjoint algebraic entropy, which will be helpful to measure how much cofinite subgroups (i.e. subgroups of finite index) are moved by an endomorphism. The construction of this notion starts with the observation that if \(\varphi\) is an endomorphism of an Abelian group \(G\) and \(N\leq G\) is a subgroup of finite index then \(\varphi^{-1}(N)\) is also of finite index in \(G\). Then for every positive integer \(n\), the `\(n\)-th cotrajectory' of \(N\), \(C_n(\varphi,N)=\frac{G}{N\cap\varphi^{-1}N\cap\cdots\cap\varphi^{-n+1}N}\) is also a finite group. It is proved (Proposition 2.3) that the limit \(H^*(\varphi,N)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\log|C_n(\varphi,N)|}{n}\) is finite. The number \(H^*(\varphi,N)\) is called `the adjoint algebraic entropy of \(\varphi\) with respect to \(N\)'. Then `the adjoint algebraic entropy of \(\varphi\)' is defined as \(\mathrm{ent}^*(\varphi)=\sup\{H^*(\varphi,N)\mid N\leq G\) is of finite index\} and the `adjoint algebraic entropy' of \(G\) is \(\mathrm{ent}^*(G)=\sup\{\mathrm{ent}^*(\varphi)\mid\varphi\in\mathrm{End}(G)\}\). Some examples of computation of the adjoint algebraic entropy are exhibited in Section 3. It is proved that the identity map, nilpotent endomorphisms, periodic endomorphisms and the multiplications by fixed integers have the adjoint algebraic entropy 0 (Example 3.5). Moreover, \(\mathrm{ent}^*(G)=0\) for all groups of finite \(p\)-rank for all primes \(p\) (Proposition 3.7), and it is proved that the adjoint algebraic entropy for Bernoulli shift endomorphisms is infinite (Example 3.11). Basic properties of adjoint algebraic entropy are presented in Section 4. Here it is proved that the study can be reduced to Abelian groups with trivial first Ulm subgroup: \(\mathrm{ent}^*(\varphi)=\mathrm{ent}^*(\varphi^1)\), where \(\varphi^1\colon G/G^1\to G/G^1\) is the endomorphism induced by \(\varphi\) on \(G/G^1\) (Proposition 4.13). One of the main results of the present paper is Theorem 5.3: Let \(G\) be an Abelian group and \(\varphi\in\mathrm{End}(G)\). Then \(\mathrm{ent}^*(\varphi)=\mathrm{ent}(\varphi^*)\). -- Here \(\varphi^*\) denotes the adjoint endomorphism associated to \(\varphi\) via the Pontryagin duality, and \(\mathrm{ent}\) denotes the algebraic entropy. This theorem is applied to Bernoulli shift endomorphisms (Proposition 6.1 and Proposition 6.2) and to prove the Addition Theorem for bounded groups and adjoint algebraic entropy (as a counterpart of the Addition Theorem for algebraic entropy proved by \textit{D. Dikranjan, B. Goldsmith, L. Salce, P. Zanardo}, [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 361, No. 7, 3401-3434 (2009; Zbl 1176.20057)]). In the end of the paper a dichotomy theorem is proved: If \(G\) is an Abelian group and \(\varphi\in\mathrm{End}(G)\) then \(\mathrm{ent}^*(\varphi)=0\) or \(\mathrm{ent}^*(\varphi)=\infty\) (Theorem 7.6).