Doubly-resonant saddle-nodes in \(\mathbb {C}^{3}\) and the fixed singularity at infinity in the Painlevé equations: formal classification (Q1641970): Difference between revisions

The author studies the action of formal diffeomorphisms by changes of coordinates on singular vector fields \(Y\) in \(\mathbb{C}^3\) of double-resonant saddle-node type at the origin \[ \, Y=x^2 \frac{\partial}{\partial x}+(-\lambda y_1 +F_1(x, {\mathbf y})) \frac{\partial}{\partial y_1} + (\lambda y_2 + F_2(x, {\mathbf y})) \frac{\partial}{\partial y_2}, \, \] with \(\lambda \in\mathbb{C}^*\), and \(F_1, F_2\in M^2\). Here \(M\) is the unique maximal ideal of the \(\mathbb{C}\)-algebra \(\mathbb{C}[[x, {\mathbf y}]]\) of formal power series of the variables \((x, {\mathbf y})=(x, y_1, y_2)\). He provides a complete formal classification (up to pre-composition by linear transforms) of the action of the pointed formal diffeomorphisms, fibered in the \(x\)-coordinate, on such non-degenerate vector fields. The author also proves that the residue is an invariant of a double-resonant saddle-node under the action of formal diffeomorphisms fixing the origin in \(\mathbb{C}^3\) and fibered in \(x\)-coordinate. In the very important particular case of a transversally Hamiltonian doubly-resonant saddle-node the author proves that the normalizing diffeomorphism is transversally symplectic. Such Hamiltonian vector fields arise from the study of the irregular singularity at infinity in the Painlevé equations. In addition, the author applies the developed theory to Painlevé equations, showing how to compute recursively some invariants of the corresponding normal forms. All formal isotropies of the obtained normal forms are also given.