Connection coefficients for classical orthogonal polynomials of several variables (Q520364): Difference between revisions

The authors study the situation of two different bases that consist of orthogonal polynomials for the space of all polynomials of total degree \(n\) in \(d\) variables. These bases can be expressed in terms of each other for instance by \[ Q_{\nu}=\sum_{|\mu|=n}\, c_{\nu,\mu}P_{\mu},\;|\nu|=n,\;c_{\nu,\mu} \in \mathbb R. \] Here \(\nu=(\nu_1,\ldots,\nu_d)\) - with \(\nu_j\) the degree of the polynomial with respect to the variable \(x_j,\,1\leq j\leq d\) - is a multi-index and \(|\nu|=\nu_1+\cdots+\nu_d\). The coefficients \(c_{\mu,\nu}\) are called \textit{connection coefficients} of \(Q_n\) in terms of \(P_n\). The layout of the paper is as follows: \S1 Introduction \S2 Connection coefficients for Jacobi polynomials on the simplex The Jacobi weight on the simplex \(T^d=\{x \in \mathbb R^d : x_i\geq 0, |x|\leq 1\}\;(|x|=x_1+\cdots + x_d)\) is \[ W_{\kappa}(x)=x_1^{\kappa_1}\cdots x_d^{\kappa_d}(1-|x|)^{\kappa_{d+1}},\;x\in T^d, \] where \(\kappa \in \mathbb R^{d+1},\;\kappa_j>-1 (1\leq j\leq d+1)\). A relation between different sets of connection coefficients is given along with a result on orthogonality. \S3 Racah polynomials Here the Racah polynomials are defined on the simplex \(V_n=\{x \in \mathbb N_0^d\,:\,0\leq x_1\leq x_2\leq \cdots \leq x_d\leq N\}\) and the weight is \[ w_{R}(x;\beta,N)=\prod_{j=0}^d\,{(\beta_{j+1}-\beta_j)_{x_{j+1}-x_j}(\beta_{j+1})_{x_{j+1}+x_j} \over (x_{j+1}-x_j)!(\beta_j+1)_{x_{j+1}+x+j}}\,\prod_{j=1}^d\,{((\beta_j+2)/2)_{x_j}\over (\beta_j/2)_{x_j}}, \] where \(x_0=0,\;x_{d+1}=N\). A duality result for orthonormal Racah polynomials is the derived. \S4 Jacobi polynomials of two variables Here the simplex reduces to a triangle (\(d=2\)) and the connection coefficients are given explicitly in terms of a \({}_4F_3\) hypergeometric function at the point \(z=1\), these can be given in terms of orthonormal Racah polynomials. \S5 Jacobi polynomials of three variables Now \(d=3\) and results along the lines of \S4 are given. \S6 Jacobi polynomials of \(d\) variables Most of the results of the previous sections are extended to the case of an arbitrary \(d\). \S7 Hahn polynomials of several variables Here the Hahn polynomials use homogeneous coordinates of \(\mathbb Z_N^{d+1}=\{\alpha\,:\,\alpha \in \mathbb N_0^{d+1},|\alpha|=N\}\) with \(N\) a positive integer and for \(\kappa \in\mathbb R^{d+1}\) with \(\kappa_i>-1,1\leq i\leq d+1\) the weight function is defined by \[ H_{\kappa,N}(x)={(\kappa +\mathbf{1})_x\over x!},\;x\in \mathbb Z_N^{d+1}, \] where \(\mathbf{1}=(1,\ldots,1)\in \mathbb N^{d+1}\). The polynomials in several variables are given in terms of products of classical Hahn polynomials (terminating \({}_3F_2\) hypergeometric series) and the connection coefficients appear to be independent of \(N\). \S8 Krawtchouk polynomials of several variables These are given explicitly as products of terminating \({}_2F_1\)'s and can also be found as limits of Hahn polynomials given in \S7 and their form is given explicitly. \S9 Orthogonal polynomials on the unit ball and the unit sphere Using the weight \[ W_{\mu}(x)=(1-||x||^2){\mu},\;\mu>-1,\;x\in \mathbb B^d, \] on the unit ball \(\mathbb B^d=\{x\,:\,||x||<1\}\) (with \(||\cdot||\) the Euclidean norm), the polynomials appear as products of generalized Gegenbauer polynomials. Moreover, the relation with polynomials orthogonal on the simplex from \S2 is discussed . \vskip0.3cm A compactly written paper, containing a wealth of material.