Normal covers of various products (Q972557): Difference between revisions

The first part of this paper is devoted to the following question. Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be Hausdorff spaces and consider a rectangular open cover \({\mathcal U}\) of \(X\times Y\), i.e., an open cover consisting of sets of the form \(U\times V\). When is \({\mathcal U}\) normal? Extending some of his earlier results the author gives these answers. Theorem 1. If \(X\) is a paracompact \(\sigma\)-space and \(Y\) an arbitrary Hausdorff space, then the following are equivalent: (i) \({\mathcal U}\) is normal; (ii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a locally finite rectangular cozero refinement (iii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a \(\sigma\)-locally finite rectangular cozero refinement; (iv) \({\mathcal U}\) has a \(\sigma\)-discrete rectangular cozero refinement. Theorem 2. If \(X\) is a paracompact \(\sigma\)-space and \(Y\) a collectionwise normal and countably paracompact space, then the following are equivalent: (i) \({\mathcal U}\) is normal; (ii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a locally finite closed refinement; (iii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a \(\sigma\)-locally finite open refinement. Theorem 3. If \(X\) is a monotonically normal space and \(Y\) is a subspace of \(\lambda+1\), where \(\lambda\) is a limit ordinal, then the following are equivalent: (i) \({\mathcal U}\) is normal; (ii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a point-finite open refinement; (iii) U has a point-finite rectangular open refinement; (iv) \({\mathcal U}\) has a locally finite rectangular cozero refinement. In the second part of the paper infinite products \(X=\prod_{i\in I} X_i\) of Hausdorff spaces are considered. For each \(J\in [I]^{<\omega}\) let \(X_J=\prod_{j\in J}X_j\) be the subproduct and \(p_J: X\to X_J\) the projection from \(X\) onto \(X_J\). Any subset of \(X\) of the form \(p^{-1}_J[U]\), \(U\subset X_J\), is called a cylinder. A cylinder is said to be an open (closed, cozero) cylinder, if \(U\) is open (closed, cozero) in \(X_J\). Let \({\mathcal U}\) be a cover of \(X\) consisting of open cylinders. When is \({\mathcal U}\) normal? The author provides the following interesting answers which are much more difficult to prove. Theorem 4. If \(X\) is a product of \(\beta\)-spaces, every finite subproduct of which is paracompact, and \({\mathcal U}\) consists of cozero cylinders, then the following are equivalent: (i) \({\mathcal U}\) is normal; (ii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a locally finite open refinement; (iii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a locally finite closed refinement. Theorem 5. If \(X\) is a product of semi-stratifiable spaces, every finite subproduct of which is paracompact, then the following are equivalent: (i) \({\mathcal U}\) is normal; (ii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a \(\sigma\)-locally finite open refinement; (iii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a \(\sigma\)-discrete refinement consisting of open cylinders. Theorem 6. If \(X\) is a product of paracompact \(\Sigma\)-spaces, then the following are equivalent: (i) \({\mathcal U}\) is normal; (ii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a locally finite open refinement; (iii) \({\mathcal U}\) has a locally finite refinement consisting of open cylinders which has a shrinking consisting of closed cylinders.