Quandles with orbit series conditions (Q2214130): Difference between revisions

Quandles are idempotent left distributive left quasigroups whose axioms encode the three Reidemeister moves of knots in space. \textit{D. Joyce} [J. Pure Applied Algebra, 23, 37--65 (1982; Zbl 0474.57003)] and \textit{S. V. Matveev} [Math. USSR, Sb. 47, 73--83 (1984; Zbl 0523.57006); translation from Mat. Sb., Nov. Ser. 119(161), No. 1, 78--88 (1982)] proved in 1982 that the knot quandle is a complete invariant up to orientation. A quandle \((Q,\vartriangleright)\) is called \(n\)-\textit{reductive}, if for every \(x,y,x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n\in Q\): \[ (\ldots((x\vartriangleright x_1)\vartriangleright x_2)\dots)\vartriangleright x_n=(\ldots((y\vartriangleright x_1)\vartriangleright x_2)\dots)\vartriangleright x_n \] and \textit{locally} \(n\)-reductive if it satsfies \[ (\ldots((x\vartriangleright y)\vartriangleright y)\ldots)\vartriangleright y=y. \] Binary algebras with such properties were investigated for example in [\textit{A. B. Romanowska} and \textit{J. D. H. Smith}, Modes. Singapore: World Scientific (2002; Zbl 1012.08001)] or in [\textit{A. Pilitowska} and \textit{A. Romanowska}, Period. Math. Hungar. 36, No. 1, 67--78 (1998; Zbl 0924.08001)] The authors of the paper introduce for a given quandle \(Q\) the special sequence of subquandles called \textit{the orbit series}: \[Q=Q_0\geq Q_1\geq Q_2\geq\ldots , \] where \(Q_1\) is the orbit of \(x_0\in Q\) and \(Q_{i+1}\) is the orbit of \(x_i\in Q_i\) in the subquandle \(Q_i\leq Q\). Using the notion they defined four classes of quandles: \(\mathcal{OS}\) -- the classe of quandles which satisfy the descending orbit series condition, \(\mathcal{OS}_n\) -- the classe of quandles which satisfy the \(n\)-bounded descending orbit series condition, for \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), \(t\mathcal{OS}\) -- the classe of quandles which satisfy the trivializing orbit series condition, \(t\mathcal{OS}_n\) -- the classe of quandles which satisfy the \(n\)-bounded trivializing orbit series condition, for \(n\in \mathbb{N}\). From the summary: ``Intuitively, the classes \(t\mathcal{OS}\) and \(t\mathcal{OS}_n\) correspond to finitary compositions of trivial quandles while the classes \(\mathcal{OS}\) and \(\mathcal{OS}_n\) correspond to finitary compositions of connected quandles.'' The authors check which of the above classes are closed with respect to subquandles, homomorphic images, direct products and extentions and investigate the relationship between all four classes of quandles. Finally, they study connections between these four classes and classes of all \(n\)-reductive and all locally \(n\)-reductive quandles. In particular, they show that the class \(t\mathcal{OS}_n\) contains the familly of \(n\)-reductive quandles and it is included in the familly of locally \(n\)-reductive quandles.