Iterated antiderivative extensions (Q615877): Difference between revisions

Let \(F\) be an ordinary differential field of characteristic zero, with derivation \(\partial\). The field of constants \(C(F)\) of \(F\) is defined to be the set of \(c\in F\) such that \(\partial (c)=0\). Let \(E\) be a no new constant extension of \(F\), which means that \(E\) is also an ordinary differential field with derivation \(\partial\) and \(C(E)=C(F)\). An element \(e\) in \(E\) is called an antiderivative of an element of \(F\) if \(\partial (e)\in F\). If there exist \(f_0,f_1,\ldots ,f_n\in F\) and \(c_1,\ldots ,c_n\in C(F)\) such that \(\partial (e)=\partial (f_0)+\sum_{i=1}^n c_i (\partial (f_i)/f_i)\), \(e\) is called an elementary integral w.r.t. \(F\). If \(e\neq 0\), and \(\partial (e)/e=\partial (f_0)+\sum_{i=1}^n c_i (\partial (f_i)/f_i)\), \(e\) is called an exponential of an elementary integral w.r.t. \(F\). Let \(E=F (e_1,\ldots ,e_n)\). If \(\partial (e_1)\in F_0=F\) and \(\partial (e_i)\in F_{i-1}=F(e_1,\ldots ,e_{i-1})\), for \(i\geq 2\), \(E\) is an iterated antiderivative extension of \(F\). If \(\partial (e_i)\in F_{i-1}\), or \(\partial (e_i)/e_i\in F_{i-1}\), or \(e_i\) is algebraic over \(F_{i-1}\), for each \(i\geq 1\), \(E\) is a Liouvillian extension of \(F\). If \(e_i\) is an elementary integral w.r.t. \(F_{i-1}\), or \(e_i\) is the exponential of an elementary integral w.r.t. \(F_{i-1}\), or \(e_i\) is algebraic over \(F_{i-1}\), for each \(i\geq 1\), \(E\) is a generalized elementary extension of \(F\). The paper under review is a contribution to the question : when are differential subfields of Liouvillian extensions also Liouvillian? In this paper it is shown that, differential subfields of antiderivative extensions are also antiderivative extensions. More precisely, assuming that \(C(F)\) is algebraically closed, the main result of the paper is the next one. Let \(K\supseteq F\) be a differential subfield of \(E\). If \(E\) is an antiderivative extension of \(F\) then \(K\) is also an antiderivative extension of \(F\). Similar results were previously known for generalized elementary extensions \textit{M. Rosenlicht, M. Singer} [Contrib. to Algebra, Collect. Pap. dedic. E. Kolchin, 329--342 (1977; Zbl 0369.12016)] and \textit{M. Singer} [Pac. J. Math. 59, 535--547 (1975; Zbl 0315.12103)].