Exponentially dichotomous operators and applications (Q2469763): Difference between revisions

This book is a broad introduction to the theory of exponentially dichotomous operators and its applications. Exponentially dichotomous operators are the direct sum of two infinitesimal generators of exponentially decaying strongly continuous semigroups on a Banach space, one forward in time and the other backwards in time. This implies that the resolvent of an exponentially dichotomous operator \(S\) exists and is bounded on a vertical strip symmetric to the imaginary axis. Via the two-sided Laplace transform, a bisemigroup \(E(t)\) is associated to \(S\). More precisely, an operator family \(E:\mathbb R\backslash\{0\}\rightarrow L(X)\), where \(X\) is a Banach space, is called a strongly continuous bisemigroup if \(E(t)E(s)=E(t+s)\) for \(t,s>0\), \(E(t)E(s)=-E(t+s)\) for \(t,s<0\), \(E(\cdot)x\) is continuous on \(\mathbb R\backslash\{0\}\), and \(E(0^+)x-E(0^-)x=x\) for every \(x\in X\) and \(\|E(t)\|\leq Me{-r|t|}\) for some \(M,r>0\). Via the projection \(Px=E(0^+)x\), the Banach space \(X\) can be decomposed into the direct sum of two Banach spaces ker\(\,P\) and im\(\,P\), and the restriction of \((E(t))_{t\geq 0}\) to ker\(\,P\) and the restriction of \((-E(-t))_{t\geq 0}\) to im\(\,P\) are strongly continuous semigroups. The book begins with definitions and basic properties of strongly continuous bisemigroups and exponentially dichotomous operators. Special classes of strongly continuous bisemigroups such as analytic bisemigroups, immediately norm continuous bisemigroups, immediately compact bisemigroups and hyperbolic bisemigroups are discussed, and adjoint and sun dual bisemigroups are studied. Chapter 2 is devoted to additive perturbations of exponentially dichotomous operators. The aim is to show that bounded additive perturbations of exponentially dichotomous operators are exponentially dichotomous, provided that there is a vertical strip symmetric to the imaginary axis where the resolvent of the perturbed operator exists and is bounded. A similar result for generators of strongly continuous semigroups is well-known, but for bisemigroups the dependence of the separating projections on the perturbation considerably complicates the problem, and the general problem on Banach spaces is still open. However, the perturbation result holds for compact perturbations, for analytic bisemigroups, for immediate norm continuous bisemigroups, and for immediate compact bisemigroups. Using the Allan--Bochner--Phillips theorem in tensor products, the author succeeded to deal with bounded additive perturbations of general exponentially dichotomous operators if either the norm of the perturbation is sufficiently small or the operators act on a Hilbert space. In Chapter 3, the abstract Cauchy problem associated to an exponentially dichotomous operator is studied and the existence and uniqueness of classical, weak and mild solutions are investigated. Chapters 4 to 8 discuss different applications exponentially dichotomous operators. In Chapter 4, applications to algebraic Riccati equations, Wiener--Hopf factorizations and \(2\times 2\)-block operators are studied. \(2\times 2\)-block operators whose entries are linear operators can be treated as bounded perturbations of block diagonal operators, where the decomposition underlying the block structure renders the latter exponentially dichotomous. Viewing the perturbed block operator as a Hamiltonian operator, its invariant subspaces naturally lead to algebraic Riccati equations. Thus exponentially dichotomous operators are a tool to show existence of solutions and approximation properties of algebraic Riccati equations. Chapter~5 is devoted to the study of kinetic equations. The corresponding evolution operators can be treated as multiplicative perturbations of exponentially dichotomous operators. Multiplicative perturbations that are compact perturbations of the identity as well as positive selfadjoint multiplicative perturbations are investigated. In Chapter~6, the results on exponentially dichotomous operators are applied to indefinite Sturm--Liouville problems, which arise from a variety of kinetic equations. Here the multiplicative perturbation equals a multiplication by a weight function, and contrary to the classical Sturm--Liouville theory the weight function may change the sign. Another application area is the theory of noncausal continuous time systems, which are treated in Chapter~7. Compared with usual continuous time systems, the generator of a strongly continuous semigroup is replaced by an exponentially dichotomous operator. Several existing results for usual continuous time systems can be extended to the noncausal continuous situation. The author studies systems with bounded input and output operators as well as Pritchard--Salamon systems, and obtains results concerning transfer functions, extended Pritchard--Salamon realizations and the solution of the corresponding realization problem. Finally, in Chapter~8, mixed-type functional differential equations are studied. This class of equations includes, in particular, delay equations with both positive and negative delays. Again, it is shown that the underlying operator displays exponentially dichotomy, but unfortunately the perturbation theory for exponentially dichotomous operators cannot be applied. The book is easily accessible to everyone with a background knowledge in functional analysis, and some of the needed results such as results on closed operators, strongly continuous semigroups, integration of vector-valued functions are even included in the book.