Dispersive equations and nonlinear waves. Generalized Korteweg-de Vries, nonlinear Schrödinger, wave and Schrödinger maps (Q390782): Difference between revisions

The book gathers the contributions of three authors on dispersive equations and which have been collected after a meeting in Oberwolfach in 2012. In the first contribution, H. Koch studies nonlinear dispersive equations. This contribution is divided in five main chapters, plus a short introduction and three appendices. Chapter 2 of this first contribution is devoted to the presentation of different classical linear partial differential equations: linear Schrödinger, Airy, Laplace, half-wave, Klein-Gordon half-wave and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equations. In each case, the author applies Fourier transform and he derives estimates on the solution in terms of the data. In Chapter 3, the author derives Strichartz estimates, first for the linear Schrödinger equation, then for the Airy equation, and finally for the other equations studied in Chapter 2. He uses the semigroup framework in order to derive estimates on the solution in terms of the data and introducing the notion of Strichartz pair of Lebesgue spaces. The second part of this chapter is devoted to existence results for small data and for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The author here uses Strichartz estimates with appropriate Strichartz pairs first for initial data in \(L^{2}\) , then in \({\dot H}^{1}\) for \(d\geq 3\) and finally in \(H^{1}(\mathbb{R} ^{d})\). Chapter 4 recalls properties of functions of bounded variations in \(L^{p}\). The author discusses the notions of \(p\)-atoms and of duality in this context. He recalls density properties for step functions. He defines properties of convolution, of regularization and of rough paths and he presents the Strichartz estimates for the linear Schrödinger equation in \(L^{p}\) spaces. Chapter 5 first describes properties of convolutions of measures on hypersurfaces. It then gives estimates for bilinear expressions of solutions. The final Chapter 6 of this first contribution proves well-posedness results for solutions of nonlinear dispersive equations. The author starts with the study of the generalized KdV equation for different exponents. If the initial data is small enough in some functional space, then a global weak solution exists and is unique. Then the author moves to the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation: a unique solution exists if the initial data is small enough in \(L^{2}\) if \(d=2\) or in a modified Besov space if \( d\geq 3\). The chapter ends with the study of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili II equation, for which existence and uniqueness results are proved assuming that the initial data is small enough in \({\dot H}^{-1/2,0}(\mathbb{R} ^{2})\) or in \(L^{2}\). The appendices gather classical results concerning Young's inequality and interpolation tools, of Bessel functions and of Fourier transform in \(L^{1}\) or for Schwartz functions. The second contribution is written by D. Tataru and is devoted to the study of geometric evolutions. It is divided in four main chapters plus a short introduction. Chapter 2 gathers useful tools for maps between manifolds. It starts with the notion of tangent bundle for a Riemannian manifold equipped with its metric \(g\). It then defines the notion of Sobolev spaces in this context. In the case where the manifold is the sphere \(\mathbb{S}^{2}\), the author precises the notion of homotopy classes and that of equivariants. Finally the author defines, in the general case, the notions of frames and of gauges among which is Coulomb gauge. The short Chapter 3 presents the classical geometric partial differential equations. It starts with the definition of harmonic maps, then with that of harmonic heat flow for which the author recalls the existence and uniqueness results for different choices of the initial data. After the definition of wave maps, the author recalls the existence and uniqueness results for the wave map equation. The chapter ends with the definition of Schrödinger maps and the existence and uniqueness results concerning the Schrödinger map equation. Chapter 4 is devoted to the study of wave maps in the 2D case. The author starts from the wave map equation and he intends to use a small perturbation set-up with respect to the coefficients of the wave equation. This leads to the introduction of two functional spaces: \(S\) for the solution and \(N\) for the nonlinearity. These spaces are then precised using Strichartz norms. The second part of this chapter deals with existence and uniqueness results, the author is starting with the case of small data. Considering the wave map equation, the author proves a priori estimates on a solution existing on a small time interval. Using a weak Lipschitz dependence or continuous dependence property on the initial data, he ends with a global existence result. In order to study the case of large data, the author studies the energy of a solution and its dispersion. He derives energy and Morawetz estimates. In Chapter 5, the author studies Schrödinger maps \(\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{S}^{2}\), for \(n\geq 2\). He proves an existence result for small data, using the frame method and defining appropriate function spaces. The chapter ends with some considerations on the large data case. The third and last contribution of this book is proposed by M. Vişan on different linear dispersive equations, mainly focusing on the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation. It is divided in nine main and short chapters, plus a chapter dedicated to the notations which will be used and four appendices. In Chapter 2, the author comes back to different linear equations which have already been studied in Chapter 2 by Koch: linear Schrödinger, Airy and wave equations. In each case, she precises the Strichartz estimates which may be obtained. In Chapter 3, the author introduces tools which lead to the construction of a linear profile decomposition for the Schrödinger propagator for bounded sequences in \(H^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{d})\), \(d\geq 3\). The chapter starts with the proof of a refined Strichartz estimate and the main result is an inverse Strichartz estimate in this context. Chapter 4 is devoted to the proof of a linear profile decomposition as evoked in the previous chapter. In Chapter 5, the author studies the nonlinear Schrödinger equation \( i\partial _{t}u=-\Delta u\pm \left| u\right| ^{\frac{4}{d-2}}u\) with the initial condition \(u(0)=u_{0}\in {\dot H}_{x}^{1}\). She defines the notion of maximal-lifespan solution through the Duhamel formula and she recalls the local well-posedness of this problem and the energy critical stability result for this solution. Chapter 6 analyzes the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation corresponding to the sign + in the previous nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The author here recalls the global well-posedness and scattering property of this problem. A Palais-Smale condition is proved in Chapter 7 for this defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Chapter 8 is devoted to the construction of minimal blowup solutions for the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In Chapter 9, the author proves long-time Strichartz estimates for the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The final Chapter 10 is devoted to the proof of a frequency-localized interaction Morawetz inequality. Four appendices complete this contribution which present further tools concerning the compactness results in \(L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{d})\), the Littlewood-Paley theory, the fractional calculus and a paraproduct estimate. Each contribution contains a list of references, the authors frequently are referring to these references for complete proofs of their results. The book thus makes a complete review of the current available results on dispersive equations.