On Kloosterman sums over finite fields of characteristic 3 (Q516773): Difference between revisions

Let \(p\geq 2\) be a number, \(m\geq 2\) an integer, \(\mathbb{F}_q\) a finite field with \(q=p^m\) elements and \(\mathbb{F}_p\) its prime subfield. Let \(a\) be a non-zero element of \(\mathbb{F}_q\), \(\omega = \exp(2\pi i/p)\) a primitive \(p\)th root of unity, \(\mathrm{tr}(x) = x+x^{p}+ \cdots +x^{p^{m-1}}\) and \[ K(a) = \sum_{x \in\mathbb{F}_q} \omega^{\mathrm{tr}(x+ax)} \] the corresponding Kloosterman sum. The paper concerns divisibility of the sum \(K(a)\) over a finite field \( \mathbb{F}_q\) of characteristic \(p=3\) by the maximal possible integer of the form \(3^k\). The authors provide a new recursive algorithm of finding the largest divisor of \(K(a)\) of the form \(3^k\). In particular, the authors determine a simple test of divisibility of \(K(a)\) by \(27\). It should be pointed out that \(K(a)\) is divisible by \(3^k\) if and only if the number of \(\mathbb{F}_q\)-rational points of the elliptic curve \[ E(a)= \{ (x,y) \in\mathbb{F}_q \times\mathbb{F}_q \mid y^2=x^3+x_2-a \} \] is divisible by \(3^k\).