Bijective proofs of shifted tableau and alternating sign matrix identities (Q884814): Difference between revisions

Special cases of the expression \(\prod_{1\leq i<j\leq n}(x_{i}+y_{j})\) appear in symmetric function theory; for example, \({\mathbf y}=-{\mathbf x}\) gives the Vandermonde determinant in Weyl's denominator formula, where \(\mathbf x=(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n})\), \(\mathbf y=(y_{1},y_{2},\dots ,y_{n})\). This paper generalizes this and other well-known results. For \(\lambda\) a partition of length \(\ell(\lambda)\leq n\), \(\mu\) a strict partition of length \(\ell(\mu)\leq n\) and \(\delta=(n,n-1,\dots ,1)\), \({\mathcal T}^{\lambda}(n)\) denotes the set of semistandard tableaux, \({\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n)\) denotes the set of semistandard shifted tableaux, \({\mathcal P}{\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n)\) denotes the set of primed semistandard shifted tableaux and \({\mathcal P}{\mathcal D}^{\delta}(n)\) denotes the set of primed semistandard shifted tableaux of shape \(\delta\). The sets \({\mathcal Q}{\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n)\) and \({\mathcal Q}{\mathcal D}^{\delta}(n)\) are defined by modifying \({\mathcal P}{\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n)\) and \({\mathcal P}{\mathcal D}^{\delta}(n)\), respectively. The Schur function \(s_{\lambda}(\mathbf x)\) (which is the character of an irreducible representation of gl\((n)\) whose highest weight is specified by \(\lambda\)) and the Schur \(P\)- and \(Q\)-functions \(P_{\mu}(\mathbf x)\) and \(Q_{\mu}(\mathbf x)\) may be defined combinatorially, and their definitions generalized to \(P_{\mu}(\mathbf x/\mathbf y)\) and \(Q_{\mu}(\mathbf x/\mathbf y)\). The first main result (Proposition 1.1) shows that \(P_{\mu}(\mathbf x/\mathbf y)=s_{\lambda}(\mathbf x)\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}\times\prod_{1\leq i<j\leq n}(x_{i}+y_{j})\) and \(Q_{\mu}(\mathbf x/\mathbf y)=s_{\lambda}(\mathbf x)\prod_{1\leq i<j\leq n}(x_{i}+y_{j})\), where \(\mu=\lambda+\delta\). It follows (via Corollary 3.2) from Theorem 3.1, which gives weight-preserving bijections \(\Theta:{\mathcal P}{\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n)\rightarrow{\mathcal P}{\mathcal D}^{\delta}(n)\times{\mathcal T}^{\lambda}(n)\) and \(\Theta:{\mathcal Q}{\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n)\rightarrow{\mathcal Q}{\mathcal D}^{\delta}(n)\times{\mathcal T}^{\lambda}(n)\). Other corollaries follow as special cases, and include results of Macdonald and Tokuyama. The second main result (Proposition 1.2) is an sp\((2n)\) analogue of Proposition 1.1. Each partition \(\lambda\) with \(l(\lambda)\leq n\) defines an irreducible representation of sp\((2n)\), whose character sp\(_{\lambda}(\mathbf x)\) may be defined combinatorially. This has a \(t\)-deformation sp\(_{\lambda}(\mathbf x;t)\), and there are also generalizations of the Schur \(P\)- and \(Q\)-functions to \(P_{\mu}(\mathbf x/\mathbf y;t)\) and \(Q_{\mu}(\mathbf x/\mathbf y;t)\). All the gl\((n)\) tableaux have sp\((2n)\) analogues. Theorem 4.1 is the symplectic analogue of Theorem 3.1 but gives an identity only for \({\mathcal Q}{\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n,\overline{n})\); Proposition 1.2 follows easily (via Corollary 4.2). Again, other corollaries follow as special cases, including a \(t\)-deformation of Weyl's denominator formula (Corollary 4.3). In Section 5 the main results are interpreted in terms of alternating sign matrices, or ASMs (Corollaries 5.1 and 5.4). Corollary 5.1 (gl\((n)\) case) is proved using the bijections between \(ST\in{\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n)\), \(\mu\)-ASMs (a generalization of ASMs due to Okada), compass points matrices and square ice graphs, and by examining the relation between \(PST\in{\mathcal P}{\mathcal S}{\mathcal T}^{\mu}(n)\) and weighted \(ST\)s. From Corollary 5.1 follow Corollary 5.2, which is a result of Chapman, and Corollary 5.3, which gives an identity for certain subsets of ASMs. The symplectic case (Corollary 5.4) follows along similar lines but uses a modified ASM called a \(U\)-turn ASM or \(\mu\)-UASM (from an earlier paper), with appropriate modifications of the square ice graph and compass points matrix. The paper is clearly written, comprehensive and all the significant results and definitions are illustrated with examples.