Iterated reduced cluster functions (Q1772919): Difference between revisions

Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be topological spaces, let \(2^Y\) be the collection of all subsets of \(Y\), and let \(F: X\to 2^Y\) be a multifunction. For \(x\in X\) let \({\mathcal U}(x)\) be the family of all open neighborhoods of \(x\). Define the cluster function \(C( F; x)=\bigcap\{\text{cl}(F(U)): U\in{\mathcal U}(x)\}\) for \(x\in X\) and the reduced cluster function \(C^r(F;x)= \bigcap\{\text{cl}(F(U\setminus\{x\})): U\in{\mathcal U}(x)\}\) for \(x\in X\). Let \(\alpha> 0\) be an ordinal number. Define the reduced cluster function of order \(\alpha\), denoted \(C^{r,\alpha}(F;\bullet)\), by transfinite induction: \(C^r(F; x)\) for \(x\in X\) if \(\alpha= 1\); \(C^r(C^{r,\beta}(F; \bullet); x)\) for \(x\in X\) if \(\alpha= \beta+ 1\), \(\beta> 0\); \(\bigcap\{C^{r,\beta}(F; x):\beta< \alpha\}\) for \(x\in X\) if \(\alpha\) is a limit ordinal. Define the Cantor-Bendixson derivative of order \(\alpha\), denoted \(X^\alpha\), by: \(X\) if \(\alpha= 0\); \(\{x\in X: x\) is not isolated in \(X\}\) if \(\alpha= 1\); \((X^\beta)^1\) if \(\alpha= \beta+ 1\); and \(\bigcap\{X^\beta: \beta< \alpha\}\) if \(\alpha\) is a limit ordinal. The author characterizes those multifunctions that arise as reduced cluster functions of a given order. The following result is typical. Theorem. Let \(X\) be a metrizable space, \(Y\) a separable metrizable space, \(\alpha> 0\) a countable ordinal, and \(G: X\to 2^Y\) a multifunction. Then the following are equivalent: (i) There exists \(F: X\to\{\{y\}: y\in Y\}\cup\{\varnothing\}\) such that \(C^{r,\alpha}(F;\bullet)= G\). (ii) There exists \(F: X\to 2^Y\) such that \(C^{r,\alpha}(F;\bullet)= G\). (iii) \(C(G;\bullet)= G\) and \(G(x)= \varnothing\) for all \(x\in X\setminus X^\alpha\).