The \(D_w\)-Laguerre-Hahn forms of class zero (Q2211712): Difference between revisions

In the present paper the authors obtain a complete description of the \(D_w\)-Laguerre-Hahn forms of the class zero by means of the study of the differential functional equation fulfilled by these forms and the resolution of a non-linear system which is satisfied by the coefficients of the three-term recurrence formula of the sequence of monic orthogonal polynomials. More precisely, let \(\mathcal{P}\) be the vector space of polynomials with coeficients in \(\mathbb{C}\), \(\mathcal{P'}\) its dual and following the authors, let \(\langle u,f\rangle\) be the action of \(u\in \mathcal{P'}\) on \(f\in\mathcal{P}\). If \(u\) is a form and \(f\in \mathcal{P}\), then they denote: \(\langle h_au,f\rangle=\langle u,h_af\rangle\), \(\langle t_bu,f\rangle=\langle u,t_{-b}f\rangle\) and \(\langle (x-c)^{-1}u,f\rangle=\langle u,\theta_cf\rangle\), where \(h_af(x)=f(ax)\), \(t_{-b}f(x)=f(x+b)\) and \(\theta_cf(x)=\frac{f(x)-f(c)}{x-c}\). For \(w\not=0\), they introduce Hahn's operator \(D_wf(x)=\frac{f(x+w)-f(x)}{w}\), so \(D_w=\frac{1}{w}(t_{-w}-I_p)\), where \(I_p\) is the identity operator. A sequence the polynomials \(\{S_n\}_{n\geq 0}\) is a monic orthogonal polynomials sequence, (MOPS), with respect to a form \(u\), if it satisfies: \begin{itemize} \item[{i)}] \(S_n(x)=x^n+\) lower degree terms. \item[{ii)}] \(\langle u,S_nS_m \rangle=\gamma_n\delta_{n,m}\), \(\gamma_n\not=0\), \(n\geq 0\). \end{itemize} Also, \(\{S_n\}_{n\geq 0}\) satisfies the recurrence relation: \[\begin{cases} S_{n+2}(x)=(x-\beta_{n+1})S_{n+1}(x)-\gamma_{n+1}S_{n}(x), n\geq 0,\\ S_1(x)=x-\beta_0, S_0(x)=1, \end{cases}\tag{1} \] with \((\beta_{n},\gamma_{n+1})\in\mathbb{C}\times\mathbb{C}-\{0\}\) and \(\gamma_0=\langle u,1\rangle\). The regular form \(u\) is a \(D_w\)-Laguerre-Hahn form, when it is regular and there exist three polynomials, \(\Phi\) (monic) with \(\deg(\Phi)\geq0\), \(\Psi\) with \(\deg(\Psi)\geq1\) and \(B\) with \(\deg(B)\geq0\), such that, \[ D_w(\Phi u)+\Psi u+B(x^{-1}(ut_{-w}u))=0 \tag{2}\] and the corresponding, MOPS, \(\{S_n\}_{n\geq 0}\) is said to be \(D_w\)-Laguerre-Hahn. The authors establish the non-linear system by \(\beta_n\) and \(\gamma_n\), using the fuctional equation. They assume that \(\{S_n\}_{n\geq 0}\) is a \(D_w\)-Laguerre-Hahn sequence of class zero satisfying (1) and its corresponding form \(u\) satisfying (2), with \(\Phi(x)=c_2x^2+c_1x+c_0,\) \(\Psi(x)=a_1x+a_0\) and \(B(x)=b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0\), where \(a_0\not=0\) and \(|c_1|+|c_2|+|c_0|\not=0\). Then, they obtain (see Proposiiton 2.6) the following system: \[2(b_2+a_1)\beta_0=wb_2-b_1-a_0,\] \[2\sum_{\nu=0}^{n-1}(\theta_{\beta_n}\Phi)(\beta_u)-\Psi(\beta_n)-2(\theta_{\beta_n}B)(\beta_0)+2b_2w-nwa_1=0,\] \[2(a_1+2b_2-c_2)\gamma_1=(2\Phi-w\Psi)(\beta_0)-B(\beta_0)-B(\beta_0-w),\] \[ \begin{split} 2\{2b_2+a_1-(2n+1)c_2\}\gamma_{n+1}-4c_2\sum_{\nu=0}^{n-1}\gamma_{n+1}=\sum_{\nu=0}^{n}(2\Phi-w\Psi)(\beta_\nu)-\\ B(\beta_0)-B(\beta_0-w)-2b_2\gamma_1-\frac{n(n+1)}{2}w^2(a_1+2b_2)+\frac{n}{3}(n^2-1)w^2c_2, \end{split} \] \(n\geq 1\), which is the central result of this section and by means of this proposition, the Laguerre-Freud equations is built. Finally, using this system they obtain all the sequences which they look for. As a particular comment, I may add the article provides a significant contribution to the study of these issues.