Metrics with conical singularities on the sphere and sharp extensions of the theorems of Landau and Schottky (Q2430662): Difference between revisions

Let \(\mathbb P\) denote the Riemann sphere endowed with its canonical complex structure and let \(\Omega\subseteq\mathbb P\) be a subdomain. We say that a conformal Riemannian metric \(\lambda(z)|dz|\) on \(\Omega\setminus\{p\}\) has a singularity of order \(\alpha\leq 1\) at the point \(p\in\Omega\) if, in local coordinates, \[ \log \lambda(z)=\begin{cases} -\alpha\log|z-p|+O(1)&\text{if \(\alpha<1\)},\\ - \log|z-p|-\log(-\log|z-p|) +O(1) &\text{if \(\alpha=1\),}\end{cases} \] as \(z\to p\). Geometrically, the singular surface \(\big(\Omega,\lambda(z)| dz|\big)\) looks like an ice-cream cone at \(p\) if \(\alpha<1\). If \(\alpha=1\), then \(\big(\Omega,\lambda(z)| dz|\big)\) has a cusp at \(p\). We call \(p\) a conical singularity, or a corner, of order \(\alpha\) if \(\alpha < 1\), and we call it a cusp if \(\alpha = 1\). It is well known that, for \(n\geq 3\), distinct points \(z_1,\dots,z_n\in\mathbb P\), and real parameters \(\alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_n\in (-\infty, 1]\), there exists a conformal metric on the \(n\)-punctured sphere \(\mathbb P\setminus\{z_1, \dots, z_n\}\) with constant curvature \(-1\) and singularities of order \(\alpha_j\) at \(z_j\) if and only if \(\sum_{j=1}^n\alpha_j>2.\) In this case, this metric is uniquely determined and called the generalized hyperbolic metric with singularities of order \(\alpha_j\) at \(z_j\). The authors are primarily interested in the case of the thrice-punctured sphere \(\mathbb P\setminus\{z_1,z_2,z_3\}\). Note that, in this case, \[ 0<\alpha_1\leq1,\quad 0<\alpha_2\leq1,\quad 0<\alpha_3\leq1,\quad \alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + \alpha_3 > 2. \] Define \[ \alpha:=\frac{\alpha_1+\alpha_2-\alpha_3}{2},\quad \beta:=\frac{\alpha_1+\alpha_2+\alpha_3-2}{2},\quad\gamma:=\alpha_1. \] Then \(0 <\beta \leq \alpha\) and \(\alpha +\beta\leq\gamma\leq 1\). Consider the hypergeometric functions \[ \varphi_1(z) := F\big(\alpha,\beta,\gamma;z\big),\quad \varphi_2(z) := F\big(\alpha,\beta,\alpha+\beta-\gamma + 1; 1 -z\big). \] Note that \(\varphi_1\) is analytic in \(\mathbb C\setminus [1,+\infty)\) and \(\varphi_2\) is analytic in \(\mathbb C\setminus[-\infty,0)\). An explicit formula for the generalized hyperbolic metric on the thrice-punctured sphere \(\mathbb P\setminus\{z_1, z_2, z_3\}\) is obtained. Theorem (corners at \(z = 0\) and \(z = 1\)). Let \(0 < \alpha_1,\alpha_2 < 1\) and \(0 < \alpha_3\leq 1\) such that \(\alpha_1+\alpha_2+\alpha_3>2\). Then \[ \lambda_{\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\alpha_3}(z)=\frac{1}{|z|^{\alpha_1}|1-z|^{\alpha_2}}\cdot \frac{2K_3}{K_1|\varphi_1(z)|^2+K_2|\varphi_2(z)|^2+2\,\text{Re}\,(\varphi_1(z)\varphi_2(\overline z)}, \] where \[ K_1:=-\frac{\Gamma(\gamma-\alpha)\,\Gamma(\gamma-\beta)}{\Gamma(\gamma)\,\Gamma(\gamma-\alpha-\beta)}, \] \[ K_2:=-\frac{\Gamma(\alpha+1-\gamma)\,\Gamma(\beta+1-\gamma)}{\Gamma(1-\gamma)\,\Gamma(\alpha+\beta+1-\gamma)}, \] \[ K_3:=\sqrt{\frac{\sin(\pi\alpha)\sin(\pi\beta)}{\sin(\pi(\gamma-\alpha))\sin(\pi(\gamma-\beta))}}\cdot \frac{\Gamma(\alpha+\beta+1-\gamma)\,\Gamma(\gamma)}{\Gamma(\alpha)\,\Gamma(\beta)}. \] The previously known formulas for \(\lambda_{1,1,1}^{}(z)\) and \(\lambda_{1,1,\alpha_3}^{}(z)\), \(0<\alpha_3<1\), can be easily obtained from this theorem, letting \(\alpha_j\nearrow 1\) for \(j=1,2\). Precise and explicit lower bounds for \(\lambda_{\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\alpha_3} (z)\) are established. This extends the works of \textit{J. A. Hempel} [J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 20, 435--445 (1979; Zbl 0423.30005)] and \textit{D. Minda} [Complex Variables, Theory Appl. 8, 129-144 (1987; Zbl 0576.30022)]. As applications, using the above results, sharp versions of Landau and Schottky type theorems for analytic functions in the open unit disk omitting the values \(0\) and \(1\) are obtained.