Positive perturbations of linear Volterra equations and sine functions of operators (Q1195890): Difference between revisions

Let \(E\) be a Banach space, \(A\) an unbounded linear operator in \(E\), \(a:[0,\infty)\to\mathbb{R}\) an exponentially bounded \((| a(t)|\leq K\exp(\beta t)\), \(t\geq 0\), with \(K\), \(\beta\geq 0)\) function with bounded variation on each compact \([0,T]\), \(T>0\). For the linear Volterra equation \[ (VO)_ A\quad U(t)=x+\int^ t_ 0a(t-s)AU(s)ds,\quad t\geq 0,\quad x\in D(A), \] a strongly continuous family \((V(t))_{t\geq 0}\) of bounded linear operators on \(E\) is called a solution family if there exists \(M\geq 0\), \(w\geq\beta\) such that (i) \(\| V(t)\|\leq M\exp(wt)\), (ii) \(V(0)=1\), (iii) \((\mu-d\hat a(\mu)A):D(A)\to E\) is bijective, \(\mu>w\) and \[ (\mu-d\hat a(\mu)A)^{-1}=\int^ \infty_ 0\exp(-\mu t)V(t)dt, \] where \(d\hat a(\mu)=\int^ \infty_ 0\exp(-\mu t)da(t)\). The author proves theorems as: Let \(B:(D(A),\|\cdot\|_ A)\to E\) be a continuous linear mapping such that there exist constants \(\mu>w\) and \(\gamma\in[0,1)\), and \[ \int^ \infty_ 0\exp(-\mu r)\| B\int^ r_ 0V(r-s)da(s)\| dr\leq\gamma\| x\|,\;x\in D(A). \] Then \((VO)_{A+B}\) admits a solution family \((W(t))_{t\geq 0}\) on \(E\) and \[ W(t)x=V(t)x+\int^ t_ 0W(t-s)B\int^ r_ 0V(r-s)xda(s)dr,\;x\in D(A). \] Other theorems are related to second order equations governed by a sine function. Some applications are given for the linear Klein-Gordon equation with a singular potential in \(L^ 1(\mathbb{R}^ N)\), \(N=1,2,3\).