Invariant tori in quasi-periodic non-autonomous dynamical systems via Herman's method (Q2455018): Difference between revisions

If an autonomous system \(\dot x= X(x,\mu)\) of ordinary differential equations with parameter \(\mu\) admits a smooth family of invariant \(n\)-tori \(T_{y,\mu}\) in a phase space \(M\) carrying conditionally periodic motion with frequency vectors \(\omega(y,\mu)\), what happens to these tori under a small perturbation \(P\) of the vector field \(X\)? This question is the central topic of KAM theory, but it is generally studied when the perturbation is either periodic or independent of time. The author of this paper assumes that \(P\) is quasi-periodic with \(N\) basic rationally independent frequencies \(\Omega_1, \Omega_2,\dots, \Omega_N\), so that \(P(x,\mu,t)\equiv P(x,\mu,\Omega, t,\dots, \Omega_Nt)\), where \(P\) is \(2\pi\)-periodic in each of the variables \(X_i= \Omega_i t\). He considers the natural question of the existence of \((n+ N)\)-tori for the autonomous system \[ \dot x= X(x,\mu)+ P(x,\mu, X),\quad \dot X= \Omega \] on \(M\times T^N\) (where \(T^N\) is the standard \(N\)-torus). The author obtains general existence theorems for invariant \((n+ N)\)-tori (in quasi-periodically perturbed systems as described above) in Hamiltonian, reversible, volume-preserving and dissipative contexts under weak nondegeneracy conditions imposed on the unperturbed tori \(T_{y,\mu}\). His approach is to introduce additional external parameters to eliminate the degeneracies. He employs an unfolding of the tori in the larger space and then extracts the desired result about quasi-periodic perturbations by using a number theoretic lemma on Diophantine approximations on submanifolds of Euclidean space.