An introduction to ultrametric summability theory (Q2356525): Difference between revisions

An ultrametric space \(X\) is a special kind of metric space in which the inequality \[ d(x,z)\leq \max\{d(x,y),d(y,z)\} \] holds instead of the usual triangle inequality \(d(x,z)\leq d(x,y)+d(y,z),\) for all \(x,y,z\in X\). Let \(K\) be a field. Specifically, consider a mapping \(|\cdot|:K\to\mathbb {R}\) satisfying the inequality \[ |x+y|\leq \max\{|x|,|y|\} \tag{*} \] instead of the usual triangle inequality for \(x,y\in K\). If members of \(K\) satisfy the inequality (*), then the field \(K\) is called a non-Archimedian field or ultrametric field. The study of analysis in non-Archimedian fields is known as \(p\)-adic analysis or ultrametric analysis. This book deals with ultrametric analysis and its applications to summability theory, and consists of nine chapters. Chapter 1 introduces some topological and geometric properties in ultrametric fields to the reader. In Chapter 2, the author mentions some arithmetic and analysis in the \(p\)-adic field and also investigates the concepts of differentiability and derivatives in ultrametric analysis and briefly specifies differences between ultrametric calculus and usual calculus. In Chapter 3, ultrametric Banach spaces are introduced. The author shows that the Hahn-Banach theorem fails to hold in this space. To solve this problem, he gives Ingleton's version of the Hahn-Banach theorem. The classical ``convexity'' also does not work in the ultrametric field and it is replaced by the notion of \(K\)-convexity. In Chapter 4, the author gives the earliest known paper on the topic. Later, the Silverman-Toeplitz theorem is proved by using the ``sliding hump method''. Then Schur's theorem and Steinhaus's theorem also find a mention here. The core of a sequence and Knopp's core theorem are discussed. In Chapter 5, he introduces some well-known summability methods like Nörlund and the weighted mean methods in the ultrametric set-up and their properties are discussed. Then he shows that the Mazur-Orlicz theorem and Brudno's theorem fail to hold in the ultramteric case. In Chapter 6, the Euler and Taylor methods are introduced and their properties are extensively presented. In Chapter 7, the author proves Tauberian theorems for the Nörlund, the weighted mean and the Euler methods. In Chapter 8, double sequences and double series in ultrametric analysis are introduced. Later, the Silverman-Toeplitz theorem for \(4\)-dimensional infinite matrices is proved. And Schur's and Steinhaus's theorems for \(4\)-dimensional matrices are proved. Finally, the Nörlund method and the weighted mean method for double sequences and many of their properties are given in the last chapter of book. For the first edidtion see [SpringerBriefs in Mathematics. New Delhi: Springer (2014; Zbl 1284.40001)].