Extension of \(Q\) type spaces related with weights via \(s\)-harmonic equations and applications (Q2091047): Difference between revisions

Classical \(Q\)-spaces on the Euclidean space \(\mathbb{R}^n\), denoted by \(Q_{\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^n)\), have several characterizations on Harmonic Analysis and applications in Partial Differential Equations. The well-known characterization, à la duality between the real Hardy space \(H^1(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and BMO\((\mathbb{R}^n)\), proves that (see [\textit{G. Dafni} and \textit{J. Xiao}, J. Funct. Anal. 208, No. 2, 377--422 (2004; Zbl 1062.42011)]) the predual of \(Q_{\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) is given by the Hardy-Hausdorff space \(\text{HH}_{\alpha}^{-1}(\mathbb{R}^n)\), \[ \Vert f\Vert_{\text{HH}_{\alpha}^{-1}(\mathbb{R}^n)}:= \Vert \rho_{\phi}(f)\Vert_{T^1_{1-2\alpha}}<\infty \] whenever \(f\) is a distribution on the homogeneous Sobolev space \(\dot{W}^{-n/2,2}(\mathbb{R}^n)\), where \(\rho_{\phi}(f)\) denotes its harmonic extension to \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+\) and the tent space \(T^1_{d}\) is predual of the fractional Carleson space \(T_d^{\infty}\) \[ \Vert g\Vert _{T_d^{\infty}}:= \sup_{Q\subset \mathbb{R}^n}\left(\frac{1}{\vert Q\vert ^{d/n}}\int_{T(Q)}\vert g(y,t)\vert^2 \frac{dy dt}{t^{1+n-d}}\right). \] The main component on the proof of the duality \(Q_{\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^n)\text{-}\text{HH}_{\alpha}^{-1}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) is given by the fractional Carleson measure characterization of \(Q\)-spaces, namely, \(f\in Q_{\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) iff \(d\mu (x,t)=\vert f\ast \phi_t(x)\vert^2 t^{-1-2\alpha} dx dt \) is a \((1-2\alpha/n)\)-Carleson measure, for all \(\alpha\in (0,1)\). Motivated by previous results, the authors introduce a new \(Q\)-space, denoted by \(Q_{K,\lambda}^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\), covering all the previous \(Q\)-spaces over \( \mathbb{R}^n\) and shows fundamental characterizations via \(s\)-harmonic extension to half-space \( \mathbb{R}^{n+1}_+\), see Theorem 3.6, which immediately yields the weight fractional Carleson measure \[ d\mu_{K,p,\lambda}(x,t)=\vert \nabla \rho_{t}^{s}\ast f(x)\vert^pdx dt \] characterization of \(Q_{K,\lambda}^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\), where \(p^{s}(x)\) denotes the \(s\)-fractional Poisson kernel \[ p^{s}(x)=\frac{\Gamma\left(\frac{n+s}{2}\right)}{\pi^{{n/2}}\Gamma(s/2)}\frac{1}{(\vert x\vert^2 +1)^{\frac{n+s}{2}}}\text{ for all }s\in (0,2) \] introduced by \textit{L. Caffarelli} and \textit{L. Silvestre} [Commun. Partial Differ. Equations 32, No. 8, 1245--1260 (2007; Zbl 1143.26002)]. Moreover, as an application of the previous fractional Carleson characterization and of the standard singular operators on \(Q_{K,\lambda}^p(\mathbb{R}^n)\), the authors show a suitable fractional Carleson characterization for the Campanato space \(\mathfrak{L}_{2,n-\gamma}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) via \(s \)-harmonic extensions.