An analogue of the Dedekind-Rademacher sum and certain ray class invariants of real quadratic fields (Q1946711): Difference between revisions

In this paper, the author considers an analogue of the Dedekind-Rademacher sum which is defined for \(j\in \{0,1\}\), \(\tau,x,y\in {\mathbb{R}}\), \(V=\begin{bmatrix} a&b\\c&d \end{bmatrix}\in \mathrm{GL}_2({\mathbb R})\) with \(a,c\in {\mathbb{Z}}, c\neq 0\) and \(j_V(\tau):=(c\tau+d)/\det(V)>0\) by \[ T_j(V;\tau,(x,y))=\prod_{k\; mod\; c}S_j\left(\frac{ak+ax+cy}{|c|}, -\frac{k+x}{|c|}\,;\,j_V(\tau)\right), \] where \(S_j(x,y;\,\omega)=S_2(\{x\}_j\omega+\{y\}_{1-j},(\omega,1))\) with \(\{x\}_0=x-[x]\) and \(\{x\}_1=1-\{-x\}_0\) and \(S_2\) is the double sine function \[ S_2(z,(\omega_1,\omega_2))= \frac{\Gamma_2(\omega_1+\omega_2-z,(\omega_1,\omega_2))}{\Gamma_2(z,(\omega_1,\omega_2))}. \] Here \(\Gamma_2(z,(\omega_1,\omega_2))\) is the Barnes double gamma function defined by \[ \Gamma_2(z,(\omega_1,\omega_2))=\exp\left(\left.\frac{\partial}{\partial s}\zeta_2(s,z,(\omega_1,\omega_2))\right|_{s=0}\right), \] where ~\(\displaystyle{\zeta_2(s,z,(\omega_1,\omega_2))=\sum_{n_1,n_2=0}^{\infty}(n_1\omega_1+n_2\omega_2+z)^{-s}}\) for \(\text{Re}(s)>2\). The special case of \(T_j\) appears in \textit{T. Arakawa}'s paper [Math. Ann. 260, 475--494 (1982; Zbl 0477.12007)]. The author proves the formula for \(T_j\) similar to Carlitz's three-term relation for the Dedekind-Rademacher sum, which is the following: Theorem 1. Let \(\tau,x,y\) be real numbers, \(V=\begin{bmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{bmatrix}\in \mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb Z)\) and \(W=\begin{bmatrix} e&f\\g&h\end{bmatrix} \in \mathrm{GL}_2({\mathbb R})\). Suppose that \(e,g\in \mathbb Z\) and \(cg(ce+dg)\neq 0\). If ~\(j_{VW}(\tau)>0\) and \(j_W(\tau)>0\), then \[ T_j(VW;\tau,(x,y))=T_j(V;W\tau,(x,y))\,T_j(W;\tau,(x,y)V)\;. \] As a corollary, the reciprocity formula is obtained. By applying these formulas, the author gives mostly direct and simple proofs for known properties and some new ones of various ray class invariants for a real quadratic field \(F\), such as Arakawa's invariants \(Y_{\mathfrak{f}}(\mathfrak{C})\) and \(Z_{\mathfrak{f}}(\mathfrak{C})\) for a narrow ray class \(\mathfrak{C}\) modulo an integral ideal \(\mathfrak{f}\), Shintani's invariants \(X_{\mathfrak{f}}(\mathfrak{C})=\exp(-\zeta'_F(0,\mathfrak{C})+\zeta'_F(0,\nu\mathfrak{C}))\) with \(\zeta_F(s,\mathfrak{C})\) the partial zeta function associated to \(\mathfrak{C}\), and some others. At the end of the paper, by considering the invariant \(X_{\mathfrak{f}}(1)\) for \(F={\mathbb Q}(\sqrt{5})\) and \(\mathfrak{f}=(4)\) and using Shintani's evaluation of \(X_{\mathfrak{f}}(1)\), the value of the double sine function is obtained as \(S_2\left(\frac{1+3\varepsilon_0^3}{4},(1,\varepsilon_0^3)\right)=\sqrt{\varepsilon_0-\sqrt{\varepsilon_0}}\;,\) where \(\varepsilon_0=(1+\sqrt{5})/2\) is the fundamental unit of \(F\). Some other (probable) values of \(S_2\) are also given.