Destruction of invariant tori in pendulum-type equations (Q1265118): Difference between revisions

A so-called pendulum-type equation is considered in Hamiltonian form \[ \dot x= y,\quad \dot y= Q(t,x),\tag{1} \] with the Hamiltonian \[ H(t,x,y)= y^2/2- Q_x(t,x),\tag{2} \] and \(Q= Q(t,x)\in C^\infty(T^2)\). The number \(\omega\) satisfies a Diophantine condition if for any sufficiently small \(\gamma>0\) there exists some \(p/q\in \mathbb{Q}\) such that \(| q\omega- p|> \gamma q^{-r^2}\) \((r> 2)\). It is known that for any given potential \(Q= Q(t,x)\) and for sufficiently large \(\omega\), which satisfies the Diophantine condition, the system (1) possesses an invariant torus with rotation number \((1,\omega)\). Moreover, such an invariant torus persists for all near-by potentials in the \(C^\infty\) topology. The number \(\omega\) is a Liouville number if and only if \(\omega\in \mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q}\) and for any sufficiently large \(\beta> 0\), \(\tau>0\), there exists some \(p/q\in\mathbb{Q}\) such that \(| q\omega- p|< \beta^{-1}q^{-\tau}\). The author proves the theorem: Suppose that for given \(Q= Q(t,x)\in C^\infty(T^2)\) and some Liouville number \(\omega\), the corresponding system (1) possesses an invariant torus with rotation number \((1,\omega)\). Then for any neighborhood \({\mathcal N}(Q_0)\) of \(Q_0\) in the \(C^\infty\) topology, there exists some \(Q= Q(t, x)\in{\mathcal N}(Q_0)\) such that the corresponding system (1) does not admit any invariant torus with rotation number \((1,\omega)\).