Physical measures for partially hyperbolic surface endomorphisms (Q2495342): Difference between revisions

Let \(M\) be the two-dimensional torus \(T= \mathbb{R}^2/\mathbb{Z}^2\), or more generally, a region of \(T\) whose boundary consists of finitely many closed, simple \(C^2\)-curves. Let \(\|\cdot\|\) be the Riemannian metric on \(M\) and \(m\) be the Lebesgue measure on \(M\), which are induced by the standard ones on \(\mathbb{R}^2\). A \(C^1\)-mapping \(F: M\to M\) is called a partially hyperbolic endomorphism of \(M\) if there are positive constants \(\lambda\) and \(c\) and a continuous decomposition of the tangent bundle \(TM= E^c\oplus E^u\) with \(\dim E^c= \dim E^u= 1\) such that (i) \(\| DF^n|_{E^u(z)}\|> \exp(\lambda n- c)\), (ii) \(\| DF^n|_{E^c(z)}\|< \exp(-\lambda n+ c)\| DF^n|_{E^u(z)}\|\) for all \(z\in M\) and \(n\geq 0\). We denote by \(PH^r\) the set of all \(C^r\)-endomorphisms \(F: M\to M\), which are partially hyperbolic. The set \(PH^r\) is an open subset of \(C^r(M,M)\) if \(r\geq 1\). A Borel probability measure \(\mu\) on \(M\), which is \(F\)-invariant is called a physical measure for \(F\) if \(m(B(\mu))> 0\), where the basin \(B(\mu)\) of \(\mu\) is defined by \(B(\mu)= \{z\in M\mid (1/n)\sum^{n-1}_{i=0} \delta_{F^i(z)}\to\mu\) weakly, \(n\to\infty\}\). Next, we denote by \({\mathcal R}^r\) the set of all \(F\in PH^r\) which satisfies the following conditions (a) and (b); (a) There exists a finite number of ergodic physical measures \(\mu_i\) for \(F\) such that \(m(\bigcup_i B(\mu_i))= m(M)\). (b) A physical measure \(\mu\) is absolutely continuous with respect to \(m\) if the sum of its Lyapunov exponents is positive. Now, one part of the main results of this paper is the following theorem: (I) \({\mathcal R}^r\) is residual in \(PH^r\), provided \(r\geq 19\). (II) \({\mathcal R}^r\cap PH^r_0\) is residual in \(PH^r_0\), provided \(r\geq 2\), where \(PH^r_0\) is the subset of \(F\in PH^r\) without critical points. To show the real smallness of the complement \({\mathcal S}^r\) of \({\mathcal R}^r\) in \(PH^r\), the author introduces the notions of shyness and timidness for a subset of \(C^r(M, M)\). In fact, another part of the main results of this paper can be roughly stated as (I\('\)) \({\mathcal S}^r\) is shy, and (II\('\)) \({\mathcal S}^r\cap PH^r_0\) is timid. For the proof of the main results, the author uses the notion of admissible curve and admissible measure. The former is taken from the paper of \textit{M. Viana} [Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 85, 63--96 (1997; Zbl 1037.37016)] with slight modifications and the latter is a corresponding notion for measures.