On Appell sequences of polynomials of Bernoulli and Euler type (Q2480359): Difference between revisions

The classical Bernoulli polynomials \(B_{n}(x)\) are given by means of the following generating function \[ \frac{t}{e^{t}-1}e^{tx}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }B_{n}(x)\frac{t^{n}}{n!},\quad | t| <2\pi , \] where \(B_{n}(0)=B_{n}\) denotes the classical Bernoulli numbers. \(DB_{n}(x)=nB_{n-1}(x)\) and \(\Delta B_{n}(x)=nx^{n-1}\) with the condition \( B_{0}(x)=1\). The classical Euler polynomials \(E_{n}(x)\) are given by means of the following generating function \[ \frac{2}{e^{t}+1}e^{tx}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }E_{n}(x)\frac{t^{n}}{n!},\quad | t| <\pi , \] where \(E_{n}(0)=E_{n}\) denotes the classical Euler numbers. The universal higher-order Bernoulli polynomials \(B_{n,a}^{G}(x)\) are defined as follows: Let us consider the polynomial ring \(\mathbb{Q}\left[ c_{1},c_{2},\dots\right] \) and the formal power series \[ F(s)=s+c_{1}\frac{s^{2}}{2!}+c_{2}\frac{s^{3}}{3!}+\cdots . \] Let \(G(t)\) be the compositional inverse series \[ G(t)=t-c_{1}\frac{t^{2}}{2}+(3c_{1}^{2}-2c_{2})\frac{t^{3}}{8}+\cdots \] so that \(F(G(t))=t\). The universal higher-order Bernoulli polynomials \( B_{n,a}^{G}(x)\) are defined by \[ \left( \frac{t}{G(t)}\right) ^{a}e^{xt}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }B_{n,a}^{G}(x) \frac{t^{n}}{n!},\quad (a\neq 0). \] The author gives a brief introduction to finite operator calculus and generalized Stirling numbers. He defined new type Bernoulli polynomials of the first and second kind. Finally, he introduces a generalization of Euler polynomials.