Differential systems with Fuchsian linear part: correction and linearization, normal forms and multiple orthogonal polynomials (Q1032866): Difference between revisions

A conventional approach to a local study of the nonlinear system of ODEs, \[ d{\mathbf u}/dx={\mathbf g}(x, {\mathbf u}), \] \({\mathbf u}\in{\mathbb C}^d\), \(x\in D\subset{\mathbb C}\), where the r.h.s.\ \({\mathbf g}(x, {\mathbf u})\) is meromorphic in \(x\) at \(x=0\) and analytic in \({\mathbf u}\) for \(|{\mathbf u}|<R\), starts with the separation of a Fuchsian (linear in \(u\)) part from the nonlinear part in the r.h.s., \[ d{\mathbf u}/dx=L(x) {\mathbf u}/x+{\mathbf f}(x, {\mathbf u}), \] where \(L(x)\) is analytic and \({\mathbf f}(x, {\mathbf u})\) has a double zero in \({\mathbf u}\) at \({\mathbf u}=0\). It is known that if \(L(0)\) is nonresonant and its eigenvalues satisfy a Diophantine condition, then the above system is analytically equivalent to its linear part. The author considers the situation when the system of ODEs has several pole singularities in the domain \(D\), namely, \(d{\mathbf u}/dx=A(x) {\mathbf u}+{\mathbf f}(x, {\mathbf u})/Q(x)\), where \(A(x)=\sum_{j=0}^{S+1}A_j/(x-p_j)\) determines the linear Fuchsian part of the system, and \(Q(x)=\prod_{j=0}^{S+1}(x-p_j)\). The problem addressed in the paper is the reducibility of the nonlinear system to its Fuchsian part. The author shows that if all the residue matrices \(A_j\) satisfy some nonresonance condition, then there exists a unique ``corrected'' system, \[ d{\mathbf u}/dx=A(x) {\mathbf u}+\bigl[f(x, {\mathbf u})-{\mathbf \phi}(x, {\mathbf u})\bigr]/Q(x), \] which is formally linearizable via a formal change of the dependent variable, \({\mathbf u}={\mathbf w}+\sum_{|{\mathbf m}|\geq2}{\mathbf h}_{\mathbf m}(x){\mathbf w}^{\mathbf m}\). It means that, in general, the system with several pole singularities is not linearizable to its Fuchsian part. However, using a formal series change of the dependent variable, the nonlinearity can be transformed to the formal ``normal'' form, \({\mathbf\psi}(x, {\mathbf u})=\sum_{|\mathbf m|\geq2}{\mathbf\psi}_{\mathbf m}(x) {\mathbf u}^{\mathbf m}\), where all coefficients \({\mathbf\psi}_{\mathbf m}(x)\) are polynomials in \(x\) of degree at most \(S\). In the course of the proof, the author utilizes certain generalization of the Rodrigues formula which in particular defines Jacobi polyomials (\(S=0\)), Jacobi-Angelesco multiple orthogonal polynomials (\(S=1\)), and some polynomial extensions of the above polynomials for general \(S\).