Degenerate lower dimensional tori in reversible systems (Q655481): Difference between revisions

This paper deals with the persistence of invariant diophantine tori of reversible systems of the form \[ \begin{aligned} \dot x & = \omega_0 + Q(x) y + P^1(x,y,u,v), \\ \dot y & = P^2(x,y,u,v), \\ \dot u & = y_m^{2n_0+1}+v^2+P^3(x,y,u,v), \\ \dot v & = u + P^4(x,y,u,v) \end{aligned} \] where \((x,y,u,v) \in \mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{R}^{m} \times \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}\), \(\omega_0 \in \mathbb{R}^n\) is a fixed frequency vector, \(m\geq n+1\), \(y= (y_1,\dots, y_m) \in \mathbb{R}^m\), \(n_0\) is a positive integer, \(P^i\), \(i=1,\dots, 4\), are small perturbations and \(Q\) is an \(n\times m\) matrix. The system is assumed to be reversible with respect to the involution \(G:(x,y,u,v) \mapsto (-x,y,-u,v)\). The above system is related to the persistence of invariant tori in the more general reversible system \[ \begin{aligned} \dot x & = \omega_0 + Q(x) y + P^1(x,y,u,v), \\ \dot y & = P^2(x,y,u,v), \\ \dot u & = A(y) v +v^2+P^3(x,y,u,v), \\ \dot v & = B(y)u + P^4(x,y,u,v) \end{aligned} \] where \((x,y,u,v) \in \mathbb{T}^n \times \mathbb{R}^{m} \times \mathbb{R}^p \times \mathbb{R}^p\), when the Melnikov's conditions on the matrices \(A\) and \(B\) are not satisfied; see [\textit{H. W. Broer, J. Hoo} and \textit{V. Naudot}, J. Differ. Equation 232, No. 2, 355--418 (2007; Zbl 1184.37045); \textit{H. W. Broer}, \textit{M. C. Ciocci}, \textit{H. Hanßmann} and \textit{A. Vanderbauwhede}, Phys. D 238, No. 3, 309--318 (2009; Zbl 1156.37318)]). The authors prove that if the perturbative terms \(P^i\), \(i=1,\ldots, 4\), and \(Q\) are real analytic in a complex band \(D(s,r) = \{|\text{Im}\, x | \leq s,\; |y|\leq r,\; |u|\leq r,\; |v|\leq r \}\) for some \(r,s>0\), and \(\omega_0\) satisfies the Diophantine condition \[ |\langle k, \omega_0\rangle | \geq \frac{\alpha}{|k|^{\tau}}, \quad k \in \mathbb{Z}^n \setminus \{0\}, \] where \(\alpha >0\) and \(\tau > n-1\) and, writing \(Q(x) = (Q_1^0(x),Q_2^0(x))\), where \(Q_1^0\) and \(Q_2^0\) are \(n\times n\) and \(n\times (m-n)\) matrices, respectively, if \(Q_2^0(x) = 0\) and the average \([Q_1^0]\) of \(Q_1^0\) is non-singular (the average taken over the \(x\) variables), then there exists \(\varepsilon >0\) such that if \[ \sup_{z\in D(s,r)}\|P^i(z) \| \leq \varepsilon, \quad i=1,\ldots, 4, \] the first reversible system has an invariant \(n\)-torus with frequency \(\omega_0\). The proof of the theorem uses Herman's technique of introducing an additional parameter which can be controlled by the non-degeneracy of \([Q_1^0]\) and the term \(y_m^{2n_0+1}\).