Bifurcation of piecewise smooth manifolds from 3D center-type vector fields (Q6096412): Difference between revisions

The article considers a system of three ordinary differential equations \[ \dot{X}=F(X,\varepsilon),\tag{1} \] where \(F(X,\varepsilon)=(F_1(x,y,z,\varepsilon), F_2(x,y,z,\varepsilon), F_3(x,y,z,\varepsilon))^T\), \(F_i(x,y,z,\varepsilon)\) are piecewise smooth functions, \(X=(x,y,z)^T\), \(x,y,z\) are real variables, \(\varepsilon\) is a small real parameter. It is assumed that in cylindrical coordinates \(x=rcos\theta\), \(y=rsin\theta\), \(z=z\) system (1) is transformed to the form \(\dot{R}=G(R,\varepsilon)\), where \(G(R,\varepsilon)=(\varepsilon r \Psi(r, \theta,z), 1, h(\theta))^T\), \(R=( r, \theta,z)^T\). It is also assumed that the unperturbed system (1) at \(\varepsilon=0\) has a three-parameter family of nonzero \(2\pi-\)periodic solutions. This family of periodic solutions is an invariant manifold of system (1) at \(\varepsilon=0\). It is established that for sufficiently small \(\varepsilon \neq 0\), system (1) also has a nonzero periodic invariant manifold \(\Phi(z_0,\varepsilon,t)\). The proof of the existence of \(\Phi(z_0,\varepsilon,t)\) is based on the theory of averaging piecewise smooth systems of ordinary differential equations. The averaging theory used in the proof is formulated in the form of a theorem based on previously known results from [\textit{J. Llibre} et al., Bull. Sci. Math. 139, No. 3, 229--244 (2015; Zbl 1407.37080)].